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Furthermore, the arrangement of receptive fields in V1 is retinotopic, meaning neighboring cells in V1 have receptive fields that correspond to adjacent portions of the visual field. This spatial organization allows for a systematic representation of the visual world within V1. Additionally, recent studies have delved into the role of contextual modulation in V1, where the perception of a stimulus is influenced not only by the stimulus itself but also by the surrounding context, highlighting the intricate processing capabilities of V1 in shaping our visual experiences.<ref>Fişek, Mehmet et al. “Cortico-cortical feedback engages active dendrites in visual cortex.” Nature vol. 617,7962 (2023): 769-776. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06007-6</ref>
The visual cortex receives its blood supply primarily from the [[calcarine artery|calcarine branch]] of the [[posterior cerebral artery]].
The size of V1, V2, and V3 can vary three-fold, a difference that is partially inherited.<ref name="Benson Yoon Forenzo Engel 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Benson |first1=Noah C. |last2=Yoon |first2=Jennifer M. D. |last3=Forenzo |first3=Dylan |last4=Engel |first4=Stephen A. |last5=Kay |first5=Kendrick N. |last6=Winawer |first6=Jonathan |date=2022-09-30 |title=Variability of the Surface Area of the V1, V2, and V3 Maps in a Large Sample of Human Observers |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=42 |issue=46 |pages=8629–8646 |doi=10.1523/jneurosci.0690-21.2022 |pmid=36180226 |pmc=9671582 |issn=0270-6474}}</ref>
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=== Ventral-dorsal model ===
V1 transmits information to two primary pathways, called the ventral stream and the dorsal stream.<ref>{{cite book |title=Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications |___location=Berlin, Germany |first1=José |last1=Braz |first2=Julien |last2=Pettré |first3=Paul |last3=Richard |first4=Andreas |last4=Kerren |first5=Lars |last5=Linsen |first6=Sebastiano |last6=Battiato |first7=Francisco |last7=Imai |publisher=[[Springer (publisher)|Springer]] |date=
* The '''[[Two-streams hypothesis#Ventral stream|ventral stream]]''' begins with V1, goes through visual area V2, then through visual area V4, and to the [[inferior temporal cortex]] (IT cortex). The ventral stream, sometimes called the "What Pathway", is associated with form recognition and object representation. It is also associated with storage of [[long-term memory]].
* The '''[[Two-streams hypothesis#Dorsal stream|dorsal stream]]''' begins with V1, goes through Visual area V2, then to the [[dorsomedial area]] (DM/V6) and middle temporal area (MT/V5) and to the [[posterior parietal cortex]]. The dorsal stream, sometimes called the "Where Pathway" or "How Pathway", is associated with motion, representation of object locations, and control of the eyes and arms, especially when visual information is used to guide [[saccade]]s or reaching.
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=== Connections ===
MT is connected to a wide array of cortical and subcortical brain areas. Its input comes from visual cortical areas V1, V2 and dorsal V3 ([[dorsomedial area]]),<ref name="FellemanVanEssen">{{cite journal |vauthors=Felleman D, Van Essen D |title=Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex |journal=[[Cerebral Cortex]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–47 |year=1991| pmid=1822724 |doi=10.1093/cercor/1.1.1-a| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="UngerleiderDesimone">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ungerleider L, Desimone R |title=Cortical connections of visual area MT in the macaque |journal=Journal of Comparative Neurology |volume=248 |issue=2 |pages=190–222 |year=1986 |pmid=3722458 |doi=10.1002/cne.902480204| s2cid=1876622 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1229147}}</ref> the [[koniocellular]] regions of the [[LGN]],<ref name="Sincich">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sincich L, Park K, Wohlgemuth M, Horton J |title=Bypassing V1: a direct geniculate input to area MT |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=1123–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15378066 |doi=10.1038/nn1318| s2cid=13419990}}</ref> and the [[pulvinar nuclei|inferior pulvinar]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Warner CE, Goldshmit Y, Bourne JA |title=Retinal afferents synapse with relay cells targeting the middle temporal area in the pulvinar and lateral geniculate nuclei |journal=Frontiers in Neuroanatomy |volume=4 |page=8 |year=2010 |pmid=20179789 |doi=10.3389/neuro.05.008.2010 |pmc=2826187| doi-access=free}}</ref> The pattern of projections to MT changes somewhat between the representations of the foveal and peripheral visual fields, with the latter receiving inputs from areas located in the midline cortex and [[retrosplenial region]].<ref name="PalmerRosa2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Palmer SM, Rosa MG |year=2006 |title=A distinct anatomical network of cortical areas for analysis of motion in far peripheral vision |journal=European Journal of Neuroscience |volume=24 |pages=2389–405 |doi=10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05113.x |pmid=17042793 |issue=8| s2cid=21562682}}</ref>
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=== Function ===
The first studies of the [[electrophysiological]] properties of neurons in MT showed that a large portion of the cells are [[neuronal tuning|tuned]] to the speed and direction of moving visual stimuli.<ref name="DubnerZeki">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dubner R, Zeki S | title = Response properties and receptive fields of cells in an anatomically defined region of the superior temporal sulcus in the monkey | journal = Brain Research | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 528–32 | year = 1971 | pmid = 5002708 | doi = 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90494-X}}.</ref><ref name="MaunsellVanEssen">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maunsell J, Van Essen D | title = Functional properties of neurons in middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey. I. Selectivity for stimulus direction, speed, and orientation | journal = Journal of Neurophysiology | volume = 49 | issue = 5 | pages = 1127–47 | year = 1983 | pmid = 6864242| doi = 10.1152/jn.1983.49.5.1127 | s2cid = 8708245 }}</ref>
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== See also ==
* [[Cortical area]]
* [[Cortical blindness]]
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