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=== Israel ===
{{See also|Science and technology in Israel}}
Israel is the world leader in spending on R&D as a percentage of GDP as of 2022, spending 6.02%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=R&D as a percentage of GDP by country 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/732269/worldwide-research-and-development-share-of-gdp-top-countries/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> According to CSIS, During the 1970s and 1980s Israel initiallity built up Israel's research infastructure through various programs, often in the defence industry. In 1984, a law for Encouragement of Research and Development in Industry encouraged the commercial sector to invest in R&D in Israel as well as empowered the [[Office of Chief Scientist]] In the 1980s to 1992, the Chief scientist of Israel significantly expanded R&D subsidies in the Israeli industrial sector.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sustaining Israel's Innovation Economy {{!}} Perspectives on Innovation {{!}} CSIS |url=https://www.csis.org/blogs/perspectives-innovation/sustaining-israels-innovation-economy |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.csis.org |language=en}}</ref> Israel invested in the creation of clusters of startups in the high-tech sector as well as venture capital investments. In 1993, Israel initated the [[Yozma program]], which led to the doubling of value of Israel's 10 new venture capital funds in 3 years.<ref name=":0" /> In the late 1990s, Israel was second only to the US in private equity as a share of the general economy.<ref name=":0" /> The high tech sector in Israel, known as [[Silicon Wadi]], which earned Israel the nickname - [[Start-up Nation]], was ranked the 4th leading startup ecosystem in the world by Startup genome with a value of $253billion in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Genome |first=Startup |title=Startup Genome |url=https://startupgenome.com/ecosystems/tel-aviv |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Startup Genome |language=en}}</ref><gallery mode="
File:Microsoft Israel R&D Center LTD. (4).jpg|[[Microsoft]] Israel R&D Center
File:General Motors R&D center, Herzliya.jpg|[[General Motors]] R&D, Israel
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