Memory development: Difference between revisions

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By school age, the typical child shows skill in recalling details of past experiences and in organizing those details into a [[narrative]] form with [[:wikt:cohesion|cohesion]]. Memories formed at this age and beyond are more likely to stand the test of time over the years and be recalled in adulthood, compared to earlier memories. Young children can sometimes retain information from specific episodes over very long periods of time, but the particular information a child of a particular age is likely to retain over different periods of time is unpredictable. This depends on the nature of the memory event and individual differences in the child such as gender, parental style of communication, and language ability.<ref name="fivush">{{cite journal |last1=Fivush |first1=Robyn |last2=Gray |first2=Jacquelyn T. |last3=Fromhoff |first3=Fayne A. |title=Two-year-old talk about the past |journal=Cognitive Development |volume=2 |issue=4 |year=1987 |pages=393–409 |doi=10.1016/S0885-2014(87)80015-1 }}</ref>

One of the most important aspects of episodic memory according to Psychologist Endel Tulving (1985, 1999) is the element of the individual to cognitively travel to both the past and the future.<ref name="John Wiley & Sons Ltd">{{Cite book|title=The Wiley Handbook on the Development of Children's Memory: Bauer/The Wiley|date=2013-10-07|publisher=John Wiley & Sons Ltd|isbn=978-1-118-59770-5|editor-last=Bauer|editor-first=Patricia J.|___location=Chichester, UK|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118597705|editor-last2=Fivush|editor-first2=Robyn}}</ref> A studied yet still speculative thought about episodic memory in children is the lack of and anticipated episodic.<ref name="John Wiley & Sons Ltd"/> This suggests that children are more susceptible and successful in remembering certain events (e.g., what are you going to have for lunch, what will you play with in the park, etc.), not because they traveled in both past and future, but that parents are the ones’ who generally organize the day, meaning they are the ones who have control over their children's futures.<ref name="John Wiley & Sons Ltd"/>

As with all forms of memory, Episodic Memory is known to also decline with age. However, it can also be said that biological factors such as one's sex also affects how Episodic memory develops and degrades. In a study done by Lundervold et al.,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lundervold|first1=Astri J.|last2=Wollschläger|first2=Daniel|last3=Wehling|first3=Eike|date=June 2014|title=Age and sex related changes in episodic memory function in middle aged and older adults|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Psychology|language=en|volume=55|issue=3|pages=225–232|doi=10.1111/sjop.12114|pmc=4314696|pmid=24601911}}</ref> they decided to investigate the possible reasons behind this. Their findings through several longitudinal and cross-sectional studies found that as mentioned that Episodic memory does decrease with age. In regards to sex they found that women tend to have a slightly lower decrease rate of Episodic Memory than men, -.12 compared to -.14 units. They study however didn't go into other variables such as social-economical-status in regards to how this might affect the decrease rates in age and sex.