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[[File locking]] is a common technique for preventing race conditions for a single file, but it does not extend to the file system namespace and other metadata, nor does locking work well with networked filesystems, and cannot prevent TOCTOU race conditions.
For <code>setuid</code> binaries, a possible solution is to use the <code>seteuid()</code> system call to change the effective user and then perform the <code>open()</code> call. Differences in <code>setuid()</code> between operating systems can be problematic.<ref>{{cite web
| author1=Hao Chen
| last2=Wagner
|