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According to the scholar Nike Stam, "Many switches consisted of inserted Latin fragments: short phrases or single words. Some of these Latin phrases appeared to be of a formulaic nature and seemed to have originated in the medieval [[Catena (biblical commentary)|catena]] tradition. They are often used to provide cross-references to other sources or to combine conflicting opinions on a text. These are phrases like ''ut in proverbio dicitur ["as is said in the proverb"]'' and ''ut ferunt peritii ["as experience bears out"]''. Most of the language switches, however, consisted of what [[Pieter Muysken|Muysken]] called alternation: longer fragments like [[clause]]s or long [[phrase]]s. This type of code-switching has been linked to [[bilingualism]] in societies that are strongly [[diglossic]], and thus suggests that the scribes compiling and writing the glosses preferred to use their two languages according to specific norms."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mittelalter.hypotheses.org/11165|title=Irish-Latin Code-switching in a Medieval Irish Commentary|first=Nike|last=Stam|date=4 October 2017 |doi=10.58079/rh25 |access-date=2019-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617095855/https://mittelalter.hypotheses.org/11165|archive-date=2019-06-17|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Spanish and English===
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