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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309180757/https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=isbn:1315349310
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}}</ref>
While most keys produce [[character (computing)|characters]] ([[Letter (alphabet)|letters]], [[Numerical digit|numbers]] or symbols), other keys (such as the [[escape key]]) can prompt the computer to execute system commands. In a modern computer, the interpretation of key presses is generally left to the software: the information sent to the computer, the [[scan code]], tells it only which physical key (or keys) was pressed or released.<ref name="msusb13a">[http://download.microsoft.com/download/1/6/1/161ba512-40e2-4cc9-843a-923143f3456c/scancode.doc Microsoft Keyboard Scan Code Specification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909230403/https://download.microsoft.com/download/1/6/1/161ba512-40e2-4cc9-843a-923143f3456c/scancode.doc |date=9 September 2020 }} ([http://download.microsoft.com/download/1/6/1/161ba512-40e2-4cc9-843a-923143f3456c/scancode.doc Appendix C, "USB Keyboard/Keypad Page (0x07)"] ), [[Microsoft]]. Revision 1.3a, 2000-03-16, accessed 2018-10-13.</ref>
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170414/http://www.nelson-miller.com/what-is-a-flexible-keyboard
|url-status=live
}}</ref> of flexible keyboards in the market are made from silicone; this material makes them water- and dust-proof. This is useful in hospitals,<ref>{{cite web
|title=Specifications Wireless Multimedia Flexible Keyboard
|quote=flexible keyboard is ... perfect for healthcare applications and other clean or dirty
|url=https://www.alliedelec.com/m/d/14cddaf36d8e0972092b549c108359cf.pdf
|access-date=30 October 2018
|archive-date=30 October 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170351/https://www.alliedelec.com/m/d/14cddaf36d8e0972092b549c108359cf.pdf
|url-status=live
}}</ref> where keyboards are subjected to frequent washing,
and other dirty or must-be-clean environments.
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807063450/https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/10-things/10-ergonomic-keyboards-that-actually-do-their-job/
|url-status=live
}}</ref> are designed to be held like a game controller, and can be used as such, instead of laid out flat on top of a table surface.
<!-- yes, the exact quote is A LOT OF ... A LOT OF ... twice! -->
Typically handheld keyboards hold all the alphanumeric keys and symbols that a standard keyboard would have, yet only be accessed by pressing two sets of keys at once; one acting as a function key similar to a 'Shift' key that would allow for capital letters on a standard keyboard.<ref>[http://alphagrips.com/WhitePaper.html Alpha Grip Programming and Productivity Improvement White Paper] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225043114/http://alphagrips.com/WhitePaper.html |date=25 February 2015 }}. Alphagrips.com. Retrieved on 9 December 2013.</ref> Handheld keyboards allow the user the ability to move around a room or to lean back on a chair while also being able to type in front or away from the computer.<ref>[http://alphagrips.com/comfort.html The Alphagrip – The World's most Comfortable Ergonomic Keyboard for Typing and Programming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225045212/http://alphagrips.com/comfort.html |date=25 February 2015 }}. Alphagrips.com. Retrieved on 9 December 2011.</ref> Some variations of handheld ergonomic keyboards also include a trackball mouse that allow mouse movement and typing included in one handheld device.<ref>"It combines the body of a game controller with the functions of both a trackball and a keyboard." {{cite web
|date=9 February 2018
|url=https://www.allthingsergo.com/alphagrip-review-igrip
|title=AlphaGrip Review (iGrip)
|access-date=6 August 2018
|archive-date=5 August 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805141948/http://www.allthingsergo.com/alphagrip-review-igrip/
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
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[[File:Ascom BEG 100.jpg|thumb|Multifunction keyboard with LCD function keys]]
Multifunctional keyboards provide additional function beyond the standard keyboard. Many are programmable, configurable computer keyboards and some control multiple PCs, workstations and other information sources, usually in multi-screen work environments. Users have additional key functions as well as the standard functions and can typically use a single keyboard and mouse to access multiple sources.
[[File:WEY Smart Touch.png|alt=WEY Smart Touch|thumb|Multifunction keyboard with touch]]
Multifunctional keyboards may feature customised keypads, fully programmable function or soft keys for macros/pre-sets, biometric or [[smart card]] readers, [[trackball]]s, etc. New generation multifunctional keyboards feature a [[touchscreen]] display to stream video, control audio visual media and alarms, execute application inputs, configure individual desktop environments, etc. Multifunctional keyboards may also permit users to share access to PCs and other information sources. Multiple interfaces (serial, USB, audio, Ethernet, etc.) are used to integrate external devices. Some multifunctional keyboards are also used to directly and intuitively control video walls.
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=== Cursor keys ===
Navigation keys or cursor keys include a variety of keys which move the cursor to different positions on the screen.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Dedicated Cursor Control and Navigation Keys
|url=http://www.pcguide.com/ref/kb/groupNav-c.html
|access-date=6 August 2018
|archive-date=2 February 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202171914/http://www.pcguide.com/ref/kb/groupNav-c.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> [[Arrow keys]] are programmed to move the cursor in a specified direction; page scroll keys, such as the [[Page Up and Page Down keys]], scroll the page up and down. The [[Home key]] is used to return the cursor to the beginning of the line where the cursor is located; the [[End key]] puts the cursor at the end of the line. The [[Tab key]] advances the cursor to the next tab stop.
The [[Insert key]] is mainly used to switch between overtype mode, in which the cursor overwrites any text that is present on and after its current ___location, and insert mode, where the cursor inserts a character at its current position, forcing all characters past it one position further. The [[Delete key]] discards the character ahead of the cursor's position, moving all following characters one position "back" towards the freed place. On many notebook computer keyboards the key labeled Delete (sometimes Delete and Backspace are printed on the same key) serves the same purpose as a Backspace key. The [[Backspace]] key deletes the preceding character.
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====Escape key====
{{Main|Esc key}}
<!-- some keyboards said "ESCAPE" - NYTimes agrees -->
The [[Esc key|escape key]] ({{keypress|esc}}) has a variety of meanings according to Operating System, application or both. "Nearly all of the time",<ref name=SF>{{cite web |title=The Qodem Homepage |website=SourceForge |url=http://qodem.sourceforge.net/ |date=18 June 2017 |quote=Nearly all of the time pressing the ESCAPE key ... will work to get out of dialogs |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-date=22 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222041727/http://qodem.sourceforge.net/ |url-status=live }}</ref> it signals ''Stop'',<ref>{{cite web |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/magazine/who-made-that-escape-key.html |title=Who Made That Escape Key? |author=Pagan Kennedy |date=5 October 2012 |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115155513/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/magazine/who-made-that-escape-key.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''QUIT'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Kermit Manual |url=http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ftp/bbcmicro/bbckerdoc.txt |quote=ESCAPE key to quit and input another command. |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116121311/http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ftp/bbcmicro/bbckerdoc.txt |url-status=live }}</ref> or "let me get out of a dialog" (or pop-up window).<ref name=SF/><ref>{{cite web |title=Escape key |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/escape-key |website=dictionary.com |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809152717/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/escape-key |url-status=live }}</ref> It triggers the Stop function in many web browsers.<ref name=SF2>{{cite web |title=The Qodem Homepage |website=SourceForge |url=https://www.plaza.ir/search/category-Keyboard |date=18 June 2017 |quote=Nearly all of the time pressing the ESCAPE key ... will work to get out of dialogs |access-date=13 July 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728185746/https://www.plaza.ir/search/category-Keyboard |url-status=live }}</ref>
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=== Miscellaneous ===
[[File:Multimediakb.jpg|thumb|Multimedia buttons on some keyboards give quick access to the Internet or control the volume of the speakers.]]
On [[Keyboard layout#East Asian languages|Japanese/Korean keyboards]], there may be [[Language input keys]] for changing the language to use.
Some keyboards have power management keys (e.g., power key, sleep key and wake key); Internet keys to access a web browser or [[E-mail]]; and/or multimedia keys, such as volume controls; or keys that can be programmed by the user to launch a specified application or a command like minimizing all windows.
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== See also ==
* [[Keyboard computer]] - popular form of computers in the early 1980s
* [[Digital pen]]
* [[Dvorak keyboard layout|Dvorak]]
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