Content deleted Content added
Undid revision 1238669121 by Steel1943 (talk) that broke stuff ... have to check my syntax |
m formatting fix(es), replaced: ,''' → ''',, ,'' → '', (3), ''' ''' → (3) |
||
Line 76:
* {{em|Intersentential switching}} occurs ''outside'' the sentence or the clause level (i.e. at sentence or clause boundaries).<ref name="LiWei">{{cite book |title=The Bilingualism Reader |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |editor=Li Wei |place=London}}</ref> It is sometimes called {{em|"extrasentential" switching}}.<ref name="Types">{{Cite journal|last=Myers-Scotton|first=Carol|year=1989|title=Codeswitching with English: types of switching, types of communities|journal=World Englishes|volume=8|issue=3|pages=333–346|doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1989.tb00673.x}}</ref> In Assyrian-English switching one could say, "''Ani wideili.'' What happened?" ("''Those, I did them.'' What happened?").<ref name="McClure">McClure, Erica (2001). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=t9CFyeFKDy0C&dq=%22Oral+and+Written+Assyrian-English+Code-switching%22&pg=PA157 Oral and Written Assyrian-English Code-switching] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407040859/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=t9CFyeFKDy0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA157&dq=%22Oral+and+Written+Assyrian-English+Code-switching%22&ots=uP5epXseQl&sig=wfbIw2qnh_1BO20E_xzW5bwvkoY#v=onepage&q=%22Oral%20and%20Written%20Assyrian-English%20Code-switching%22&f=false |date=2019-04-07 }}." In Rodolfo Jacobson. ''Codeswitching Worldwide II.'' Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2001. pg 166. Print.</ref>
* {{em|Intra-sentential switching}} occurs ''within'' a sentence or a clause.<ref name="LiWei" /><ref name="Types" /> In Spanish-English switching one could say, "''La onda'' is to fight ''y jambar.''" ("''The latest fad'' is to fight ''and steal.''")<ref name="Woolford">Woolford, Ellen. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4178342 Bilingual Code-Switching and Syntactic Theory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809123403/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4178342 |date=2018-08-09 }}." [[Linguistic Inquiry]]. Vol. 14. Cambridge: MIT, 1983. 520-36. Print.</ref>
* {{em|Tag-switching}} is the switching of either a tag phrase or a [[word]], or both, from one language to another, (common in ''intra-sentential switches'').<ref name="LiWei" /> In Spanish-English switching one could say, "''Él es de México y así los criaron a ellos
* {{em|Intra-word switching}} occurs ''within'' a word itself, such as at a [[morpheme]] boundary.<ref name="Types" /> In [[Shona language|Shona]]-English switching one could say, "But ''ma''-day-s ''a-no a-ya ha-ndi-si ku-mu-on-a.'' ("But ''these'' days ''I don't see him much.''") Here the English plural morpheme -''s'' appears alongside the Shona prefix ''ma''-, which also marks plurality.<ref name="Winford" />
Line 104:
'''Example of 'Insertional code-switching':'''
''1) '''El
'''"The
2) I met up with m''y '''compadres''''' at the '''''fiesta''.'''
Line 192:
[[Shana Poplack]]'s model of code-switching is an influential theory of the grammar of code-switching.<ref name="Winford" /> In this model, code-switching is subject to two constraints. The ''free-morpheme constraint'' stipulates that code-switching cannot occur between a lexical stem and bound morphemes. Essentially, this constraint distinguishes code-switching from borrowing. Generally, borrowing occurs in the lexicon, while code-switching occurs at either the syntax level or the utterance-construction level.<ref name="Gumperz" /><ref name="Poplack 1984 99–136"/><ref name="Muysken 1995 177–98"/> The ''equivalence constraint'' predicts that switches occur only at points where the surface structures of the languages coincide, or between sentence elements that are normally ordered in the same way by each individual grammar.<ref name="Winford" /> For example, the sentence: "I like you ''porque eres simpático''" ("I like you ''because you are friendly''") is allowed because it obeys the syntactic rules of both Spanish and English.<ref name="SanPop1981">{{Cite journal |last=Sankoff |first=David |author2=Shana Poplack |year=1981 |title=A formal grammar for code-switching |journal=Papers in Linguistics |volume=14 |pages=3–45 |issue=1–4 |doi=10.1080/08351818109370523|citeseerx=10.1.1.667.3175 }}</ref> On the contrary, cases like the noun phrases ''the casa white'' and ''the blanca house'' are ruled out because the combinations are ungrammatical in at least one of the languages involved. Spanish noun phrases are made up of determiners, then nouns, then adjectives, while the adjectives come before the nouns in English noun phrases. ''The casa white'' is ruled out by the equivalence constraint because it does not obey the syntactic rules of English, and ''the blanca house'' is ruled out because it does not follow the syntactic rules of Spanish.<ref name="Winford" />
Moreover, some observations on Sankoff and Poplack's model were later pointed out by outside researchers. The observations regard that free-morpheme and equivalence constraints are insufficiently restrictive, meaning there are numerous exceptions that occur. For example, the free morpheme constraint does not account for why switching is impossible between certain free morphemes. The sentence: "The students had ''visto la película italiana''" ("The students had ''seen the Italian movie''") does not occur in Spanish-English code-switching, yet the free-morpheme constraint would seem to posit that it can.<ref name="Belazi">{{Cite journal |last=Belazi |first=Heidi |author2=Edward Rubin |author3=Almeida Jacqueline Toribio |year=1994 |title=Code switching and X-Bar theory: The functional head constraint |journal=Linguistic Inquiry |volume=25 |pages=221–37 |issue=2|jstor=4178859|s2cid=27756266}}</ref> The equivalence constraint would also rule out switches that occur commonly in languages, as when Hindi postpositional phrases are switched with English prepositional phrases like in the sentence: "John gave a book ''ek larakii ko''" ("John gave a book ''to a girl''"). The phrase ''ek larakii ko'' is literally translated as ''a girl to
====Matrix language-frame model====
Line 442:
''Conadail cli buadach Connadil Essa Macc Neirc hiConnachtaib .i. Conna ise intainm. ⁊tucc'' '''sua mater perpietatem additamentum sillabæ dil''' ''.i. dil lem Conna''
(Conandil victorious prince Connadil of Ess Mac nEirc in [[Connacht]], i.e. Conna, that is the name, and '''his mother, out of love
|}
| |||