The term "invert the pyramid" is attributed to Jan Carlzon, who transformed [[SAS (software)|SAS]] airlines by giving front line employees authority to make decisions on the spot.<ref>Carlson, Moments of Truth, Harper Business, 1989</ref> The creation of the reverse hierarchy has been attributed to the [[Nordstrom]] retail organization.<ref name=Mosley /> Other notable adopters of this structure include the [[United Parcel Service]] and Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce.<ref name=Harigopal>{{cite book|last1=Harigopal|first1=K|title=Management of Organizational Change: Leveraging Transformation|date=April 14, 2006|publisher=SAGE|page=154|edition=1st}}</ref>
