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As [[Stevan Harnad]] notes,<ref>{{Citation |chapter-url=http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12954/ |first=Stevan |last=Harnad |year=2008 |chapter=The Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery, and Intelligence |editor1-last=Epstein |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Peters |editor2-first=Grace |title=The Turing Test Sourcebook: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer |publisher=Kluwer }}</ref> the question has become "Can machines do what we (as thinking entities) can do?" In other words, Turing is no longer asking whether a machine can "think"; he is asking whether a machine can ''act'' indistinguishably<ref>{{Citation |url=http://cogprints.org/2615/ |first=Stevan |last=Harnad |year=2001 |title=Minds, Machines, and Turing: The Indistinguishability of Indistinguishables |journal=Journal of Logic, Language and Information |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=425–445 |postscript=. |doi=10.1023/A:1008315308862 |s2cid=1911720 }}</ref> from the way a thinker acts. This question avoids the difficult philosophical problem of pre-defining the verb "to think" and focuses instead on the performance capacities that being able to think makes possible, and how a causal system can generate them.
Since Turing introduced his test, it has been both highly influential and widely criticised, and has become an important concept in the [[philosophy of artificial intelligence]].<ref>{{cite conference |last=Swiechowski |first=Maciej |year=2020 |title=Game AI Competitions: Motivation for the Imitation Game-Playing Competition |url=https://annals-csis.org/proceedings/2020/pliks/126.pdf |publisher=IEEE Publishing |pages=155–160 |doi=10.15439/2020F126 |isbn=978-83-955416-7-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126184536/https://annals-csis.org/proceedings/2020/pliks/126.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=8 September 2020 |ref=ieee_fedcsis |doi-access=free |book-title=Proceedings of the 2020 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems |s2cid=222296354 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Withers |first=Steven |title=Flirty Bot Passes for Human |date=11 December 2007 |url=http://www.itwire.com/your-it-news/home-it/15748-flirty-bot-passes-for-human |work=iTWire |access-date=10 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004140133/https://www.itwire.com/your-it-news/home-it/15748-flirty-bot-passes-for-human |url-status=live |archive-date=4 October 2017}}</ref> Some of its criticisms, such as [[John Searle]]'s [[Chinese room]], are themselves controversial.<ref>{{Citation |last=Williams |first=Ian |title=Online Love Seerkers Warned Flirt Bots |date=10 December 2007 |url=http://www.v3.co.uk/vnunet/news/2205441/online-love-seekers-warned-flirt-bots |work=V3 |access-date=10 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424101329/http://www.v3.co.uk/vnunet/news/2205441/online-love-seekers-warned-flirt-bots |url-status=live |archive-date=24 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="fortune lambda">{{cite news |author=Jeremy Kahn |date=June 13, 2022 |title=A.I. experts say the Google researcher's claim that his chatbot became 'sentient' is ridiculous—but also highlights big problems in the field |work=Fortune |url=https://fortune.com/2022/06/13/google-ai-researchers-sentient-chatbot-claims-ridiculed-by-experts/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613132958/https://fortune.com/2022/06/13/google-ai-researchers-sentient-chatbot-claims-ridiculed-by-experts/ |archive-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> Some have taken Turing's question to have been "Can a computer, communicating over a teleprinter, fool a person into believing it is human?"<ref name="NMR">Wardrip-Fruin, Noah and Nick Montfort, ed (2003). The New Media Reader. The MIT Press. {{ISBN|0-262-23227-8}}.</ref> but it seems clear that Turing was not talking about fooling people but about generating human cognitive capacity.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://cogprints.org/1584/ |first=Stevan |last=Harnad |title=The Turing Test Is Not A Trick: Turing Indistinguishability Is A Scientific Criterion |journal=ACM SIGART Bulletin |volume=3 |issue=4 |year=1992 |pages=9–10 |postscript=. |doi=10.1145/141420.141422 |s2cid=36356326 }}</ref>
==Digital machines==
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