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{{Short description|Defunct Linux distribution}}
{{Essay-like|2=an opinionated essay, or "case study" per [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Linux&diff=50824238&oldid=50824002 this statement] by the original editor,|date=November 2019}}
{{Redir|Caldera (operating system)|the DOS operating system|OpenDOS}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=December 2021}}
{{SCO Controversy}}
{{anchor|OpenLinux|1.0|1.1|1.2|1.3|1.4|2.0|2.1|2.2|2.3|2.4|3.0|3.1|3.1.1|Lite|Base|Standard|Deluxe|eDesktop|eServer|eBuilder|Workstation|Server|NetWare for Linux}}Caldera OpenLinux==
'''Caldera OpenLinux''' ('''COL''') is a defunct [[Linux distribution]]. [[Caldera, Inc.|Caldera]] originally introduced it in 1997<!-- or was it 1996? OpenLinux 1.1 came in 1997, when was OpenLinux 1.0 released? --> based on the German [[LST Power Linux]] distribution, and then taken over and further developed by [[Caldera Systems, Inc.|Caldera Systems]] (now [[SCO Group]]) since 1998. A successor to the Caldera Network Desktop put together by Caldera since 1995, OpenLinux was an early "business-oriented distribution" and foreshadowed the direction of developments that came to most other distributions and the [[Linux]] community generally.{{citation needed|reason=Sweeping assertion|date=November 2019}}
 
=={{anchor|OpenLinux|1.0|1.1|1.2|1.3|1.4|2.0|2.1|2.2|2.3|2.4|3.0|3.1|3.1.1|Lite|Base|Standard|Deluxe|eDesktop|eServer|eBuilder|Workstation|Server|NetWare for Linux}}Caldera OpenLinux==
{{Infobox OS
| name = Caldera OpenLinux
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| website =
}}
During 1996, Caldera continued to be a valuable player, for example, on 23 May 1996, at the [[Linux Kongress]] in [[Berlin]], Germany, Caldera announced its plans to obtain [[POSIX]] and [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS]] certifications and the [[X/Open]] brand for UNIX 95 and [[XPG4]] BASE 95 for the [[Linux kernel|Linux operating system kernel]] and "Open Linux".<ref name="Fisk_1996"/>
 
'''Caldera OpenLinux''' ('''COL''') is a defunct [[Linux distribution]] produced by [[Caldera, Inc.|Caldera]] and originally sold in 1996. Based on the German [[LST Power Linux]] distribution, and a successor to the Caldera Network Desktop put together by Caldera since 1995, OpenLinux was an early "business-oriented distribution".
In contrast to CND OpenLinux was based on [[LST Power Linux]], a [[Slackware]]-derived distribution that had been maintained by Linux Support Team since 1993<ref name="LST_2003"/> and the first to come with a Linux 2.0 kernel.<ref name="LST_1997"/> In 1996 Linux Support Team grew into Stefan Probst's and Ralf Flaxa's company [[LST Software GmbH]] (with LST now standing for ''Linux System Technology''<!-- or ''Linux System Technologies'' according to other sources --><ref name="LST_2003"/>) in [[Erlangen]], Germany. The OpenLinux development led them to become Caldera's German development center [[Caldera Deutschland GmbH]] since May 1997.<ref name="LST_1997"/><ref name="LST_2003"/><!-- first source states May 1997, second source states "end of 1997" -->
 
== Description ==
On 23 July 1996, Caldera purchased [[Novell DOS]] and the remaining [[Digital Research]] assets from Novell in order to bundle a [[DOS]] with their version of Linux, which led to creating the [[OpenDOS]] distribution to help port DOS applications.<ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit"/><ref group="nb" name="NB_DOSinUnix"/>
OpenLinux was based on [[LST Power Linux]], a [[Slackware]]-derived distribution that had been maintained by Linux Support Team since 1993<ref name="LST_2003">{{cite web |title=Historie |language=de |date=2018 |orig-year=2001 |publisher=LST - Verein zur Förderung freier Software e.V. |url=http://www.lst.de/de/main.php?id=02 |access-date=2018-08-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804152549/http://www.lst.de/de/main.php?id=02 |archive-date=2018-08-04}}</ref> and the first to come with a Linux 2.0 kernel.<ref name="LST_1997">{{cite news |title=LST Software GmbH Merges With Caldera Inc. - Critically acclaimed European Linux developers strengthen Caldera's Commitment |agency=[[PR Newswire]], Linux Congress |date=1997-05-23 |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LST+Software+GmbH+Merges+With+Caldera+Inc.-a019440952 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913050017/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LST+Software+GmbH+Merges+With+Caldera+Inc.-a019440952 |archive-date=2012-09-13 |access-date=2018-08-06}}</ref>
 
On 23 July 1996, Caldera purchased [[Novell DOS]] and the remaining [[Digital Research]] assets from Novell in order to bundle a [[DOS]] with their version of Linux, which led to creating the [[OpenDOS]] distribution to help port DOS applications.<ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit">{{cite web |title=Software Developer Caldera sues Microsoft for Antitrust practices alleges monopolistic acts shut its DR DOS operating system out of market |publisher=Caldera News |date=1996-07-24 |___location=Salt Lake City, UT, USA |url=http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/ca_sues_ms.html |access-date=2017-06-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624232924/http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/ca_sues_ms.html |archive-date=24 June 2017 }}</ref>
<!-- In 1996 or early 1997-->Caldera supported the Linux-port of [[StarOffice 3.1]] with ca. 800.000&nbsp;DM in order to offer the product with their forthcoming OpenLinux distribution in 1997.<ref name="Brors_1997"/><ref name="CW_1997"/><ref name="Strobl_2003"/><ref name="Bantle_2017"/>
 
By 1997, when the OpenLinux distribution was first released, Caldera had taken on the form that it would be most remembered for. Caldera had switched over to the high end Linux product. The "business" [[Linux distribution]] became more rich with features with bundled [[proprietary software]]. However, it became less community oriented and was released less frequently than other Linuxes did.{{citation needed|reason=Looked but didn't see a source for either of these assertions|date=November 2019}} Other differences included automated configuration for [[System administrator|administration]] tools, paid [[technical support]] staff, built-in consistent default [[Graphical user interface|GUI]], and a range of supported [[Application software|applications]].
 
Over the next{{when|date=May 2014}} five years, <!-- Caldera and then -->Caldera Systems offered additional commercial extensions to Linux. They licensed [[Sun Microsystems|Sun]]'s [[Wabi (software)|Wabi]] to allow people to run Windows applications under Linux. Additionally, they shipped with Linux versions of [[WordPerfect]] (from [[Novell]] and later [[Corel]]) and [[CorelDRAW]]. Since many of their customers used a [[dual boot]] setup and [[FIPS (computer program)|FIPS]] was unreliable, they shipped with [[PowerQuest]]'s [[PartitionMagic]] to allow their customers to non-destructively [[Partition (computing)|repartition]] their [[hard disk]]s.
 
In partnership with [[IBM]] they produced the first Linux distribution which was [[IBM DB2|DB2]] compatible. With the [[Oracle Corporation]] they became the target platform for the Linux port of the [[Oracle database]].
 
Other ventures included starting the [[Blackdown Java]] project,{{citation needed|reason=Caldera definitely supported Blackdown Java, but haven't seen a source that they started it|date=November 2019}} and creating [[professional certification]].
 
They also formed strong partnerships with SCO's [[value-added reseller]] market{{when|reason=timeline here is unclear|date=November 2019}} and started laying the groundwork for [[Original equipment manufacturer|OEM]] sales of [[Unix]]-based [[vertical application]]s.
 
Caldera Systems offered three versions of OpenLinux:
Line 45 ⟶ 32:
* ''OpenLinux Base'' was a USD 99 version with a few extensions.
* ''OpenLinux Standard'' was USD 299 and was their fully featured product.
 
In addition to other people's applications, they created many Linux extensions to fill voids where no other commercial company was.
 
Caldera Systems initiated the development of a Linux alternative to [[Microsoft Exchange Server]] and [[Microsoft Outlook]], resulting in the creation of [[Caldera Volution|Volution Messaging Server]]. This server provided functionalities such as calendaring and [[Calendaring software|scheduling]], shared busy/free information, [[Transport Layer Security|SSL]] support for emails, and easy configuration.<ref name="Kirch_2002" /> Additionally, [[Caldera Deutschland]] pioneered the development of Lizard,<ref name="Lizard" /> the first fully graphical installer for Linux, which debuted in November 1998. They were also credited{{citation needed|date=May 2014|reason=webmin was started in 1997. Some info is missing either here or in the webmin article.}} with introducing browser-based Unix system administration and supporting projects like [[webmin]], employing developer Jamie Cameron from 1999 to 2001.
 
Furthermore, Caldera Systems introduced Caldera Open Administration System (COAS), a comprehensive GUI system administration tool. COAS boasted a user-friendly interface, modular design for ease of use, and scalability. Its key features included portability via a platform repository, an open development model, flexible module licensing, support for multiple user interfaces (including batch processing, ncurses, Qt, and Java), a scripting interface (Python) for rapid prototyping, and backward compatibility, making it compatible with native files and friendly to users accustomed to command-line interfaces like "vi admin".
 
[[Image:caldera-logo.png|Late Caldera Systems logo|thumb|325px|right]]<!-- This is either a third variant of a Caldera Systems logo (the first was green, like the Caldera logo, but with "systems" added, the second was like this one, but with "systems" added), or a first variant of a Caldera International logo (in the second variant the "C" has a vertical line), already. -->
 
Caldera Systems created a full featured GUI system administration tool called Caldera Open Administration System (COAS).{{when|date=May 2014}} The tool was a unified, easy to use administration tool with a [[modular design]]. With its [[scalability]] and broad scope abilities, it featured:<ref name="Flaxa_1998"/><ref name="COAS_1999"/>
* [[Porting|Portability]] (specifics encapsulated in a [[platform (computing)|platform]] repository)
* [[Open system (computing)|Open]] development model
* Flexible [[Module (programming)|module]] licensing
* Multiple user interfaces ([[batch processing]], [[ncurses]], [[Qt (toolkit)|Qt]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]])
* Scripting interface ([[Python (programming language)|Python]]) for rapid prototyping
* Backward compatibility (works on native files, "[[Vi (text editor)|vi]] admin" friendly)
 
{{POV section|date=August 2013}}
OpenLinux showed the Linux community what would be required to create a mainstream [[Desktop environment|desktop OS]] out of the Linux kernel. In many ways the last ten years{{when|date=May 2014}} of desktop progress has been to successfully implement what Caldera was attempting to do with the tools they had available using open source software in place of the closed applications. Their technique for this was to utilize commercial software to fill in the largest gaps making their product a "value add" and thus they could charge for it. It made them the most commercial and at the same time it made them the most advanced distribution available.
 
The [[Desktop computer|desktop]] company became [[Caldera International]] under the direction of [[Ransom Love]].{{dubious|for=they were already shifting from desktop to business server as Caldera Systems|date=November 2019}}
 
The focus for the desktop company became mainly [[marketing]] and business relationships. There were several reasons for this. The first was that Caldera had won a $280 million<ref name="Groklaw_2009_NovellWP"/> [[lawsuit]] against [[Microsoft]] for [[DR-DOS]] and was flush with cash.{{citation needed|reason=Caldera, Inc. received the $280M; did any of it go to Caldera Systems, and if so, how much, when, and for what purposes?|date=November 2019}} Secondly, while the Caldera distribution was good, its primary advantages were the use of technologies not owned by Caldera and thus if Caldera were successful its success could (from a technical standpoint) be imitated, by [[Red Hat]], [[SUSE Linux|SUSE]], [[TurboLinux]], etc. Third, for years Caldera had been competing directly with [[SCO Unix]], but by 1997 Linux outperformed SCO in almost every respect.{{citation needed|reason=broad claim, especially when high-end systems are considered|date=November 2019}} {{close paraphrase|sentence|source=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=364517|date=November 2019}} Making the choice to switch from SCO to Caldera was not a "no-brainer" for companies because that also meant a switch of vendors and support organizations. Caldera's SCO acquisition was aimed at eliminating this problem. That is Caldera International's corporate direction became to combine SCO's distribution, marketing and VAR arm with [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]], and use [[Project Monterey]] to develop a [[64-bit]] strategy. What SCO offered was:<ref name="LWN_2000"/>
* A strong list of business clients.
* Higher compatibility between SCO and Linux than any other Unix/Linux combination, mainly as a result of Caldera's long standing SCO focus that created products like ABI and thus resulted in ports of SCO code to Linux
* A good back-office and database solution while Linux specialized in networking ([[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]]) and [[Client (computing)|client]] desktop, a very appealing combination in challenging Sun and Microsoft
* A global infrastructure (presence in about 80 countries), Caldera was domestic
* Thousands of business applications targeted to [[vertical market]]s
* Some of the 3rd party components needed to get [[HP-UX]], [[AIX operating system|AIX]], [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]] 3rd party [[Java (programming language)|Java]] [[Application software|applications]] ported to Linux
 
{{POV section|date=November 2019}}
From a technical standpoint however Caldera OpenLinux really shone during the Ransom Love years. Their [[Commercial software|commercial]] [[Product bundling|bundling]] solution continued to work. They had a powerful low [[Software bug|bug]] (by Linux standards) [[Linux distribution|distribution]] that worked well on a wide range of hardware. They charged a great deal relative to other distributions and were able to generate a very strong profit. Red Hat pulled way ahead of them in terms of US sales and on the global sales front they trailed SUSE and TurboLinux as well, but financially due to the DR-DOS settlement they were the strongest of all the Linux distributions.{{disputed inline|for=refuted by events – Red Hat survived in the Linux business, Caldera did not|date=November 2019}}
 
Known releases (incomplete):
 
* ''Caldera OpenLinux Lite/Base/Standard(/Deluxe) 1.0'' (1997) with Linux kernel 2.0.25
* ''Caldera OpenLinux Lite/Base/Standard 1.1'' (1997)
* ''Caldera OpenLinux Lite/Base/Standard 1.2'' (1998-04-17)
* ''Caldera Systems OpenLinux Lite/Base 1.3'' (1998-09-28) with Linux kernel 2.0.35<ref name="CalderaSystems_OL13"/>
* ''Caldera Systems OpenLinux 1.4''{{citation needed|date=May 2014|reason=There are some mentionings in the net, but in such a low number, that it is unclear, if this version was actually released.}}
<!-- not sure if 2.0 and 2.1 existed at all -->
* ''Caldera Systems OpenLinux 2.2'' (1999-04-19) with Linux kernel 2.2.xx
* ''Caldera Systems OpenLinux eDesktop/eServer 2.3'' (1999) with Linux kernel 2.2.10
* ''Caldera Systems OpenLinux eServer 2.3.1''
* ''Caldera Systems OpenLinux eDesktop/eBuilder 2.4''
* ''Caldera Systems OpenLinux eBuilder 3.0''
* ''Caldera International OpenLinux Workstation/Server 3.1'' (2001) with Linux kernel 2.4.2
* ''Caldera International OpenLinux Workstation/Server 3.1.1'' (2002) with Linux kernel 2.4.xx
 
Other products:
* ''Caldera NetWare for Linux 1.0'' (1998)<ref name="Linux_1998"/>
 
==See also==
Line 104 ⟶ 40:
* [[Star Trek project]]
* [[Caldera DR-WebSpyder]]
* [[SCO-Linux disputes]]
 
* [[United Linux]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="nb"|refs=
<ref group="nb" name="NB_DOSinUnix">This has not been the first time a member of the [[DR-DOS]] family of operating systems was chosen to support [[DOS]] programs under a Unix-style system: [[Novell DOS&nbsp;7]]'s predecessor [[DR&nbsp;DOS 6.0]] had been bundled into [[Univel]]'s [[UnixWare 1.0 Personal Edition]] with [[DOS Merge 3.0]] in 1992 already.</ref>
}}
 
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=}}
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<ref name="CW_1997">{{cite journal |title=Produkt-Telegramme: Star Office 3.1 für Linux portiert |language=de |date=1997-05-16 |journal=[[Computerwoche]] |url=https://www.computerwoche.de/a/produkt-telegramme,1098774 |access-date=2018-08-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806122733/https://www.computerwoche.de/a/produkt-telegramme,1098774 |archive-date=2018-08-06}}</ref>
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<ref name="LST_2003">{{cite web |title=Historie |language=de |date=2018 |orig-year=2001 |publisher=LST - Verein zur Förderung freier Software e.V. |url=http://www.lst.de/de/main.php?id=02 |access-date=2018-08-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804152549/http://www.lst.de/de/main.php?id=02 |archive-date=2018-08-04}}</ref>
<ref name="LST_1997">{{cite news |title=LST Software GmbH Merges With Caldera Inc. - Critically acclaimed European Linux developers strengthen Caldera's Commitment |agency=[[PR Newswire]], Linux Congress |date=1997-05-23 |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LST+Software+GmbH+Merges+With+Caldera+Inc.-a019440952 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913050017/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LST+Software+GmbH+Merges+With+Caldera+Inc.-a019440952 |archive-date=2012-09-13 |access-date=2018-08-06}}</ref>
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<ref name="Flaxa_1998">{{cite web |url=http://www.nluug.nl/events/sane98/daily/20/flaxa.html |title=COAS |date=1998-06-23 |publisher=NLUUG |access-date=2009-03-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928144214/http://www.nluug.nl/events/sane98/daily/20/flaxa.html |archive-date=2007-09-28}}</ref>
<ref name="COAS_1999">{{cite journal |url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3019 |title=COAS: A Flexible Approach to System Administration Tools |date=1999-02-01 |journal=[[Linux Journal]] |access-date=2008-09-24}}</ref>
<ref name="Groklaw_2009_NovellWP">{{cite web |title=Exhibits to Microsoft's Cross Motion for Summary Judgment in Novell WordPerfect Case |url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20091120165256836 |publisher=[[Groklaw]] |date=2009-11-23 |access-date=2011-10-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130821080038/http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20091120165256836 |archive-date=2013-08-21}}</ref>
<ref name="LWN_2000">{{cite web |url=https://lwn.net/2000/features/Comdex/RansomLove.php3 |title=Ransom Love Interview and Caldera Systems, Inc at Comdex Fall 2000 |publisher=LWN.net |access-date=2008-09-24}}</ref>
<ref name="CalderaSystems_OL13">{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/caldera-systems-inc-releases-openlinux-13-with-kde-and-sybase-ase-156356425.html |title=CALDERA SYSTEMS INC. RELEASES OPENLINUX 1.3 WITH KDE AND SYBASE ASE |website=www.prnewswire.co.uk |access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref>
<ref name="Linux_1998">{{cite web|url=http://www.linux.cz/pipermail/linux/1998-July/022254.html |title=Caldera Releases NetWare for Linux 1.0 (fwd) |year=1998 |publisher=Linux.cz |accessdate=2022-12-23}}</ref>
<ref name="Wired">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.07/linux.html |title=The Linux Killer |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=July 2004 |author-first=Brad |author-last=Stone |access-date=2006-11-13}}</ref>
<ref name="NovellStay">{{cite web |url=http://www.groklaw.net/pdf/NovellMotStay.pdf |title=Novell's, Inc.'s Motion to Stay |date=2006-04-10 |publisher=[[Groklaw]] |access-date=2008-09-24}}</ref>
<ref name="Mueller_2001">{{cite web |url=http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-530155.html?legacy=zdnn |title=Open source leaders duke it out |author-last=Mueller |author-first=Dietmar |date=2001-06-25 |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |access-date=2008-09-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327095250/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-530155.html?legacy=zdnn |archive-date=2007-03-27}}</ref>
<ref name="Butler">{{cite web |url=http://www.ofb.biz/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=125 |title=Timothy R. Butler Interview |publisher=OfB.biz |access-date=2008-09-24}}</ref>
<ref name="FAQ">''One of the main features of Caldera Open Unix 8 is the LKP, which stands for Linux Kernel Personality. It's a Linux kernel running at the same time as the Unix kernel. It's a full install of Caldera OpenLinux 3.1 on top of Open Unix 8.1.49'' from [http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/openunix/qt-faq/ OpenUNIX 8 FAQ]</ref>
<ref name="U8">''The result is transparent execution of Open UNIX 8 (or UnixWare 7) applications and most Linux applications, which will run without modification or recompilation.'' from [https://web.archive.org/web/20190325045850/https://usinglinux1173.blogspot.com/2019/03/linux-distribution-caldera-openlinux.html Caldera, SCO Unveil Open UNIX 8 Press Release 2001-03-26]</ref>
<ref name="Progeny">{{cite web |url=http://www.progeny.com/about/board.htm |title=Board of Directors |publisher=Progeny.com |access-date=2008-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509072721/http://www.progeny.com/about/board.htm |archive-date=2006-05-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Shankland_2002">{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-939881.html |title=Struggling Linux company swaps CEOs |author-last=Shankland |author-first=Stephen |date=2002-07-27 |publisher=[[CNET]] |access-date=2008-09-24}}</ref>
}}
 
==Further reading==
* [https://lwn.net/2000/features/Comdex/RansomLove.php3 Ransom Love on the SCO merger]
* [http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6292 More on finances of the SCO merger]
* [http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6293 Darl McBride's early successes in the IP battles]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231921/http://freshmeat.net/articles/view/110 Ransom Love editorial on the value of the Linux Standard Base]
* In addition to the litigation SCO initiated [[Red Hat v. SCO|Red Hat has sued SCO]]
* [http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1151 December 1995 review of Caldera Desktop Linux]
* [http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/139 A comparative review from seven months later]
 
==External links==
* Groklaw has an extended [http://www.groklaw.net/articlebasic.php?story=20040130235310123 discussion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926014226/http://www.groklaw.net/articlebasic.php?story=20040130235310123 |date=2006-09-26 }} of the Linux ABI
* An advertisement white-paper from March 2001 [http://linux.ittoolbox.com/pub/MM022702i.pdfcomparing Red Hat to Caldera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713070303/http://linux.ittoolbox.com/pub/MM022702i.pdfcomparing |date=2011-07-13 }}. This pushes the "product not a distribution" philosophy.
* [http://www.lst.de/ Ralf Flaxa's LST] was a major contributor for the original [http://www.groklaw.net/pdf/IBM-774EX598.pdf Caldera Desktop]
 
{{Linux-distro}}
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