Content deleted Content added
MaligneRange (talk | contribs) m →Symbolic function substage: +Anchor |
|||
Line 106:
[[Egocentrism]] occurs when a child is unable to distinguish between their own perspective and that of another person. Children tend to stick to their own viewpoint, rather than consider the view of others. Indeed, they are not even aware that such a concept as "different viewpoints" exists.<ref>Piaget, A Child's Conception of Space, Norton Edition, 1967; p. 178</ref> Egocentrism can be seen in an experiment performed by Piaget and Swiss developmental psychologist [[Bärbel Inhelder]], known as the [[three mountain problem]]. In this experiment, three views of a mountain are shown to the child, who is asked what a traveling doll would see at the various angles. The child will consistently describe what they can see from the position from which they are seated, regardless of the angle from which they are asked to take the doll's perspective. Egocentrism would also cause a child to believe, "I like ''[[The Lion Guard]]'', so the high school student next door must like ''The Lion Guard'', too."
{{Anchor|Artificialism}}Similar to preoperational children's egocentric thinking is their structuring of a [[Causality|cause and effect]] relationships. Piaget coined the term "precausal thinking" to describe the way in which preoperational children use their own existing ideas or views, like in egocentrism, to explain cause-and-effect relationships. Three main concepts of causality as displayed by children in the preoperational stage include: [[animism]], artificialism and [[Transduction (psychology)|transductive]] reasoning.<ref name="Rathus 2006">{{cite book|last=Rathus|first=Spencer A.|title=Childhood: voyages in development|url=https://archive.org/details/childhoodvoyages0000rath|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=[[Thomson/Wadsworth]]|___location=Belmont, CA|isbn=9780495004455}}</ref>
Animism is the belief that inanimate objects are capable of actions and have lifelike qualities. An example could be a child believing that the sidewalk was mad and made them fall down, or that the stars twinkle in the sky because they are happy. Artificialism refers to the belief that environmental characteristics can be attributed to human actions or interventions. For example, a child might say that it is windy outside because someone is blowing very hard, or the clouds are white because someone painted them that color. Finally, precausal thinking is categorized by transductive reasoning. Transductive reasoning is when a child fails to understand the true relationships between cause and effect.<ref name="Santrock8"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.columbuscityschools.org/lee/pioneer/stage2.htm | title=Preoperational Stage | access-date=February 2, 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728114723/http://www.columbuscityschools.org/lee/pioneer/stage2.htm | archive-date=July 28, 2013 }}</ref> Unlike [[Deductive reasoning|deductive]] or [[inductive reasoning]] (general to specific, or specific to general), transductive reasoning refers to when a child reasons from specific to specific, drawing a relationship between two separate events that are otherwise unrelated. For example, if a child hears the dog bark and then a balloon popped, the child would conclude that because the dog barked, the balloon popped.
| |||