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An early form of client–server architecture is [[remote job entry]], dating at least to [[OS/360]] (announced 1964), where the request was to run a [[job (computing)|job]], and the response was the output.
While formulating the client–server model in the 1960s and 1970s, [[computer scientist]]s building [[ARPANET]] (at the [[SRI International|Stanford Research Institute]]) used the terms ''server-host'' (or ''serving host'') and ''user-host'' (or ''using-host''), and these appear in the early documents RFC 5<ref name="rulifson">{{cite IETF |title=DEL |rfc=5 |last=Rulifson |first=Jeff |authorlink=Jeff Rulifson |date=June 1969 |publisher=[[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]] |accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref> and RFC 4.<ref>{{cite IETF |title=Network Timetable |rfc=4 |last=Shapiro |first=Elmer B. |date=March 1969 |publisher=[[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]] |accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref> This usage was continued at [[Parc (company)|Xerox PARC]] in the mid-1970s.
One context in which researchers used these terms was in the design of a [[computer network programming]] language called Decode-Encode Language (DEL).<ref name="rulifson"/> The purpose of this language was to accept commands from one computer (the user-host), which would return status reports to the user as it encoded the commands in network packets. Another DEL-capable computer, the server-host, received the packets, decoded them, and returned formatted data to the user-host. A DEL program on the user-host received the results to present to the user. This is a client–server transaction. Development of DEL was just beginning in 1969, the year that the [[United States Department of Defense]] established ARPANET (predecessor of [[Internet]]).
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''Client-host'' and ''server-host'' have subtly different meanings than ''client'' and ''server''. A host is any computer connected to a network. Whereas the words ''server'' and ''client'' may refer either to a computer or to a computer program, ''server-host'' and ''client-host'' always refer to computers. The host is a versatile, multifunction computer; ''clients'' and ''servers'' are just programs that run on a host. In the client–server model, a server is more likely to be devoted to the task of serving.
An early use of the word ''client'' occurs in "Separating Data from Function in a Distributed File System", a 1978 paper by Xerox PARC computer scientists Howard Sturgis, James Mitchell, and Jay Israel. The authors are careful to define the term for readers, and explain that they use it to distinguish between the user and the user's network node (the client).<ref>{{Cite web| title=Separating Data from Function in a Distributed File System |last1 = Sturgis |first1 = Howard E. |last2 = Mitchell |first2 = James George |last3 = Israel | first3 = Jay E. |publisher=[[Parc (company)|Xerox PARC]] |url=http://ip.com/IPCOM/000128883 |year = 1978}}</ref> By 1992, the word ''server'' had entered into general parlance.<ref>{{OEtymD|server|accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://getinfo.de/app/Separating-data-from-function-in-a-distributed/id/TIBKAT%3A509976956 |title=Separating data from function in a distributed file system |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=[[GetInfo]] |publisher=[[German National Library of Science and Technology]] |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233729/https://getinfo.de/app/Separating-data-from-function-in-a-distributed/id/TIBKAT%3A509976956 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Centralized computing==
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Load balancing is defined as the methodical and efficient distribution of network or application traffic across multiple servers in a server farm. Each load balancer sits between client devices and backend servers, receiving and then distributing incoming requests to any available server capable of fulfilling them.
In a [[peer-to-peer]] network, two or more computers (''peers'') pool their resources and communicate in a [[decentralized system]]. Peers are coequal, or equipotent [[Node (networking)|nodes]] in a non-hierarchical network. Unlike clients in a client-server or [[client-queue-client]] network, peers communicate with each other directly. {{citation needed|date=August 2019}} In peer-to-peer networking, an [[
Both client-server and [[Master/slave (technology)|master-slave]] are regarded as sub-categories of distributed peer-to-peer systems.<ref>
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