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The advent of web mapping can be regarded as a major new trend in cartography. Until recently, cartography was restricted to a few [[:Category:Map companies|companies]], institutes and [[:Category:National cartographic agencies|mapping agencies]], requiring relatively expensive and complex hardware and software as well as skilled cartographers and [[geomatics]] engineers.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Neumann |first=Andreas |title=Web Mapping and Web Cartography |date=2008 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_1485 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of GIS |pages=1261–1269 |editor-last=Shekhar |editor-first=Shashi |access-date=2023-12-04 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_1485 |isbn=978-0-387-35973-1 |editor2-last=Xiong |editor2-first=Hui}}</ref>
Web mapping has brought
The terms ''[[web GIS]]'' and ''web mapping'' are often used interchangeably, but the terms are distinct.<ref name=Fu1/><ref name=Fu2/><ref name=Zhang1/><ref name=Peterson1>{{cite book |last1=Peterson |first1=Michael P. |title=Mapping in the Cloud |year=2014 |publisher=The Guiford Press |___location=New York |isbn=978-1-4625-1041-2 |oclc=855580732 |url=https://archive.org/details/mappingincloud0000pete |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Web GIS, Simply |url=https://www.esri.com/about/newsroom/insider/web-gis-simply/ |website=ESRI Newsroom Insider |date=10 June 2016 |publisher=ESRI |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref name=Ezekiel1>{{cite journal |last1=Ezekiel |first1=Kuria |last2=Kimani |first2=Stephen |last3=Mindila |first3=Agnes |title=A Framework for Web GIS Development: A Review |journal=International Journal of Computer Applications |date=June 2019 |volume=178 |issue=16 |pages=6–10 |doi=10.5120/ijca2019918863|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name= Rowland1>{{cite journal |last1=Rowland |first1=Alexandra |last2=Folmer |first2=Erwin |last3=Beek |first3=Wouter |title=Towards Self-Service GIS—Combining the Best of the Semantic Web and Web GIS |journal=ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information |date=2020 |volume=9 |issue=12 |page=753 |doi=10.3390/ijgi9120753|bibcode=2020IJGI....9..753R |doi-access=free }}</ref> Web GIS uses and enables web maps, and end users who are ''web mapping'' are gaining analytical capabilities from Web GIS, however Web GIS has more applications than web mapping, and web mapping can be accomplished without Web GIS. Web GIS emphasizes [[geodata]] processing aspects more involved with design aspects such as data acquisition and server software architecture such as data storage and algorithms, than it does the end-user reports themselves.<ref name="KraakSettingsAndNeeds"/> The term ''[[___location-based service]]s'' refers to ''web mapping'' consumer goods and services.<ref>Parker, C.J., May, A., Mitchell, V. and Burrows, A. (2013), “[https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/11589/15/Parker%20et%20al.%20(Capturing%20VGI%20For%20Inclusive%20Service_Design).pdf Capturing Volunteered Information for Inclusive Service Design: Potential Benefits and Challenges]”, The Design Journal, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 197–218.</ref> Web mapping usually involves a [[web browser]] or other user agent capable of client-server interactions.<ref name="web_hist"/> Questions of quality, usability, social benefits, and legal constraints are driving its evolution.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=M.|last2=Sharples|first2=Sarah|last3=Harding|first3=Jenny|last4=Parker|first4=Christopher J.|last5=Bearman|first5=N.|last6=Maguire|first6=M.|last7=Forrest|first7=D.|last8=Haklay|first8=M.|last9=Jackson|first9=M.|title=Usability of Geographic Information: Current challenges and future directions|journal=Applied Ergonomics|date=2013|volume=44|issue=6|pages=855–865|doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2012.10.013|pmid=23177775|s2cid=26412254|url=http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/2809/1/Brown_et_al_2013_Usabilty_of_Geographic_Information.pdf|access-date=2019-07-12|archive-date=2018-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719082903/http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/2809/1/Brown_et_al_2013_Usabilty_of_Geographic_Information.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Parker|first1=Christopher J.|title=User-centred design of neogeography: the impact of volunteered geographic information on users' perceptions of online map 'mashups'|journal=Ergonomics|date=2014|volume=57|issue=7|pages=987–997|doi=10.1080/00140139.2014.909950|pmid=24827070|s2cid=13458260|url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/23845}}</ref>
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Analytical web maps offer GIS analysis. The geodata can be a static provision, or need updates. The borderline between analytical web maps and web GIS is fuzzy. Parts of the analysis can be carried out by the GIS geodata server. As web clients gain capabilities processing is distributed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Analytical Maps {{!}} IGI Global |url=https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/analytical-maps/47567 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=www.igi-global.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
===Animated and
Realtime maps show the situation of a phenomenon in close to [[Real-time computing|realtime]] (only a few seconds or minutes delay).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Painting the Web|last=Powers, Shelley.|date=2008|publisher=O'Reilly|isbn=9780596515096|oclc=191753336|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/paintingweb00shel}}</ref> They are usually animated. Data is collected by sensors and the maps are generated or updated at regular intervals or on demand.
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* ''Product updates can easily be distributed''. Because web maps distribute both logic and data with each request or loading, [[product update]]s can happen every time the web user reloads the application. In traditional [[cartography]], when dealing with printed maps or interactive maps distributed on [[On-line and off-line|offline]] media ([[CD]], [[DVD]], etc.), a map update takes serious efforts, triggering a reprint or remastering as well as a redistribution of the media. With web maps, data and product updates are easier, cheaper, and faster, and occur more often. Perhaps owing to this, many web maps are of poor quality, both in symbolization, content and data accuracy.
* ''Web maps can combine distributed data sources''. Using open standards and documented [[Application programming interface|API]]s one can integrate (''[[Mashup (web application hybrid)|mash up]]'') different data sources, if the [[Map projection|projection system]], map scale and data quality match. The use of centralized data sources removes the burden for individual organizations to maintain copies of the same data sets. The downside is that one has to rely on and trust the external data sources. In addition, with detailed information available and the combination of distributed data sources, it is possible to find out and combine a lot of private and personal information of individual persons. Properties and estates of individuals are now accessible through high resolution aerial and satellite images throughout the world to anyone.
* ''Web maps allow for personalization''. By using [[Configuration file|user profiles]], personal filters and personal styling and [[map symbol|symbolization]], users can configure and design their own maps, if the web mapping systems supports personalization. [[Accessibility#Disability, information technology (IT) and telecommunications|Accessibility]] issues can be treated in the same way. If users can store their
* ''Web maps enable collaborative mapping'' similar to web mapping technologies such as [[DHTML]]/[[Ajax (programming)|Ajax]], [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Adobe Flash]], etc. enable distributed data acquisition and collaborative efforts. Examples for such projects are the [[OpenStreetMap]] project or the [[Google Earth]] community. As with other open projects, quality assurance is very important, however, and the reliability of the internet and web server infrastructure is not yet good enough. Especially if a web map relies on external, distributed data sources, the original author often cannot guarantee the availability of the information.
* ''Web maps support [[hyperlink]]ing to other information on the web''. Just like any other [[web page]] or a [[wiki]], web maps can act like an index to other information on the web. Any [[Image map|sensitive area]] in a map, a label text, etc. can provide hyperlinks to additional information. As an example a map showing public transport options can directly link to the corresponding section in the online train time table. However, development of web maps is complicated enough as it is: Despite the increasing availability of free and commercial tools to create web mapping and web GIS applications, it is still a more complex task to create interactive web maps than to typeset and print images. Many technologies, modules, services and data sources have to be mastered and integrated The development and debugging environments of a conglomerate of different web technologies is still awkward and uncomfortable.
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* 1989: ''Birth of the WWW'', [[WWW]] invented at [[CERN]] for the exchange of research documents.<ref name="web_birth">More details are in: [[History of the World Wide Web#1980–1991: Invention and implementation]].</ref>
* 1993: '''''[[Xerox PARC Map Viewer]]''''', The first
* 1994: '''''The National Atlas of Canada''''', The first version of the National Atlas of Canada was released. Can be regarded as the first [[atlas|online atlas]].
* 1995: '''''The Gazetteer for Scotland''''', The prototype version of the Gazetteer for Scotland was released. The first geographical database with interactive mapping.
* 1995: ''Tiger Mapping Service'', from the U.S. Census Bureau, the first national street-level web map, and the first major web map from the U.S. government.<ref name=Plew2 />[[c:Category:Web mapping|Wikimedia Commons]]
* 1995: ''[[MapGuide Open Source#History|MapGuide]]'', First introduced as Argus
<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[File:Mapquest.JPG|thumb|Screenshot from [[MapQuest]]]] -->
* 1996: '''Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies Interactive Mapper''', Based on [[Common Gateway Interface|CGI]]/[[C shell]]/[[GRASS GIS|GRASS]] would allow the user to select a geographic extent, a raster base layer, and number of vector layers to create personalized map.
* 1996: '''''[[Mapquest]]''''', The first popular online Address Matching and Routing Service with mapping output.
* 1996: '''''[[Multimap.com|MultiMap]]''''', The [[United Kingdom|UK]]-based
* 1996: ''[[MapGuide Open Source#History|MapGuide]]'', Autodesk acquired Argus Technologies.
[[File:National Atlas of the United States Logo.svg|thumb|right|64px|[[National Atlas of the United States]] logo]]
* 1997: '''''US Online National Atlas Initiative''''', The [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] received the mandate to coordinate and create the online '''[[National Atlas of the United States]]'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/national-atlas-program-has-ended-any-data-still-available|title = Since the National Atlas Program has ended, is any data still available?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalatlas.gov/ |title=National Atlas home page |website=www.nationalatlas.gov |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205020547/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/ |archive-date=5 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
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* 2005: '''''[[MapGuide Open Source]]''''' introduced as open source by Autodesk
* 2005: '''''[[Google Earth]]''''', The first version of Google Earth was released building on the virtual globe metaphor. Terrain and buildings can be viewed 3 dimensionally. The [[Keyhole Markup Language|KML]] ([[XML]] based) markup language allows users to integrate their own personal content. This virtual globe needs special software and doesn't run in a web browser.
* 2005: '''''[[OpenLayers]]''''', the first version of the open source
* 2006: '''''[[WikiMapia]]''''' is launched
* 2009: '''[[MapTiler]]''' released as open source software for tiling of geographic data for web maps.<ref>{{cite web |title=Using MapTiler to Create a Tileset |url=https://maps.nls.uk/projects/urbhist/guides_maptiler.html |website=Visualising Urban Geographies |publisher=National Library of Scotland |access-date=23 April 2024 |date=2009}}</ref>
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