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Two commonly discussed general thresholds for risk to research participant are minimizing all risk after the infection and avoiding serious injury.<ref name="Binik 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Binik |first1=Ariella |title=What risks should be permissible in controlled human infection model studies? |journal=Bioethics |date=May 2020 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=420–430 |doi=10.1111/bioe.12736|pmid=32115747 |s2cid=211727412 }}</ref> Researchers typically customize other thresholds for each clinical trial.<ref name="Binik 2020"/>
Common reasons for participating in human challenge studies include altruism and wishing to contribute to medical progress.<ref name="Eberts 2023">{{cite journal |last1=Eberts |first1=Jake D |last2=Zimmer-Harwood |first2=Paul |last3=Elsey |first3=James W B |last4=Fraser-Urquhart |first4=Alastair |last5=Smiley |first5=Thomas |title=Volunteering for Infection: Participant Perspectives on a Hepatitis C Virus Controlled Human Infection Model |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=14 August 2023 |volume=77 |issue=Supplement_3 |pages=S224–S230 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciad350 |pmid=37579204 |pmc=10425139 |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/77/Supplement_3/S224/7242430 |access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="Marsh 2022" /> People who participate in these studies might be more altruistic in general than others, including possibly more likely to contribute to their communities in other ways, such as donating blood.<ref name="Marsh 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Marsh |first1=Abigail A. |last2=Magalhaes |first2=Monica |last3=Peeler |first3=Matthew |last4=Rose |first4=Sophie M. |last5=Darton |first5=Thomas C. |last6=Eyal |first6=Nir |last7=Morrison |first7=Josh |last8=Shah |first8=Seema K. |last9=Schmit |first9=Virginia |title=Characterizing altruistic motivation in potential volunteers for SARS-CoV-2 challenge trials |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2 November 2022 |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=e0275823 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0275823 |doi-access=free |pmid=36322529 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1775823M |pmc=9629635 }}</ref>
==Vaccines for infections==
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