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MVNO agreements with network operators date back to the 1990s, when the European and Australian telecom markets saw market liberalization, new regulatory frameworks, better [[2G]] network technology, and a subsequent jump in wireless subscriber numbers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Thanh|first=Do|date=2001|title=Guest Editorial|url=https://www.telenor.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/T01_4.pdf|journal=Telektronikk}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ni/3G/casestudies/GSM-FINAL.pdf |title=GSM Paper |access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref> Though the new [[2G]] networks more efficiently managed the limited [[frequency band]]s allocated to wireless service, new mobile entrants were still limited by their ability to access frequency bands in a restricted [[Radio spectrum|spectrum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.fe.up.pt/~mleitao/CMOV/Tecnico/GSM_Sempere.html |title=An overview of the GSM system by Javier Gozalvez Sempere |publisher=Web.fe.up.pt |access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref>
In 1997 Vodafone Australia and TotalTel launched FastFone, the world's first true prepaid MVNO utilising the worlds first fully MNO integrated MVNE platform supplied by Isoton (formerly Steadycom). FastFone's MVNO model was very successful, attracting more than 300,000 subscribers in 18 months. Vodafone purchased the business in 1999.
With European markets newly open to competition and new technology enabling better service and cheaper handsets, there was a massive surge in demand for cellular phones.<ref name=":02" /> In the midst of this swell, Sense Communications fought for access to mobile network operator (MNO) spectrum in [[Scandinavia]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1349075&fileOId=2433717|title=Mobile Virtual Network Operators in Europe. Strategic and Legal Analysis|last=Sasinovskaya|first=Olga}}</ref> Sense was able to establish an MVNO agreement with [[Sonera]] in Finland, but it failed to persuade MNOs in Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.<ref>{{cite web|author=Allan T. Rasmussen |url=http://www.yozzo.com/mvno-academy/the-history-of-mvno/ |title=The History of MVNO |date=31 July 2016 |publisher=Yozzo.com |access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref> Sense then appealed to EU regulators, citing provisions that required certain MNOs to allow new entrants interconnection. While Sense's claim was denied, in November 1999, the company signed a service provider agreement with Telia/Telenor Mobile for GSM network capacity access, allowing Sense to offer services to its own customers in Sweden and Norway.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telenor.com/media/press-releases/1999/sense-communications-buys-gsm-network-capacity-from-teliatelenor-mobile/|title=Sense Communications buys GSM network capacity from Telia/Telenor Mobile|date=23 November 1999|publisher= Telenor|access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref>
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=== Full mobile virtual network operator ===
These MVNOs have a network implementation operating essentially the same technology as a mobile network operator. Full MVNOs only lack their own radio networks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mvnodynamics.com/mvno-classifications-types/ |title=MVNO Classifications & Types |publisher=MVNO Dynamics |date=2011-05-04 |access-date=2017-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810102923/https://www.mvnodynamics.com/mvno-classifications-types/ |archive-date=2016-08-10}}</ref>
==Around the world==
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{{New Zealand mobile phone companies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mobile Virtual Network Operator}}
[[Category:Mobile technology]]
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