Sublimation (phase transition): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 23:25, 2 September 2024

Revision as of 16:31, 26 September 2024

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(also similar to evaporation, just higher pressure)

(top left of solid in phase diagram)

These three cases jointly exhaust the solid space in the phrase diagram. This makemakes sense, after all, technically, all solids sublime (depending mostly on vapour pressure, which is very situational).

One may notice there is a fourth case in the solid space, that is, at the solid-liquid boundary. It is uncertain if the solid is still considereddefined as subliming WHILE melting, and in case it is, it would be subliming gradually, those who know PLEASE CLARIFY.

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==== Potential distinction ====

For clarification, a distinction between the two corresponding cases is needed. With reference to a [[phase diagram]], the sublimation that occurs left of the solid-gas boundary, the triple point or the solid-liquid boundary (corresponding to evaporation in vaporization) may be called ''gradual sublimation''; and the substance ''sublimes gradually'', regardless of rate. The sublimation that occurs at the solid-gas boundary (critical sublimation point) (corresponding to boiling in vaporization) may be called ''rapid sublimation'', and the substance ''sublimes rapidly''. The words "gradual" and "rapid" have acquired special meanings in this context and no longer describe the rate of sublimation.{{cn|date=April 2024}}<!-- This distinction is used only on this page and nowhere else, to minimize confusion. If there is a better distinction, change it along with the examples. If this violates the policy of Wikipedia, please delete this paragraph and nothing else, and if possible, also provide a better solution. -->

=== Misuse for chemical reaction ===

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==Examples==

[[File:Comparison carbon dioxide water phase diagrams.svg|thumb|upright=2|Comparison of phase diagrams of carbon dioxide (red) and water (blue) showing the carbon dioxide sublimation point (middle-left) at 1 atmosphere. As dry ice is heated, it crosses this point along the bold horizontal line from the solid phase directly into the gaseous phase. Water, on the other hand, passes through a liquid phase at 1 atmosphere.]]

The examples shown are substances that noticeably sublime under certain conditions.

===Carbon dioxide===

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===Naphthalene===

[[File:Sublimation reaction of naphthalene.jpg|thumb|Experimental set up for the sublimation reaction of [[naphthalene]], Solidsolid naphthalene sublimes and form the crystal-like structure at the bottom of the [[watch glass]]]]

[[File:Crystal-like sublimated naphthalene.jpg|thumb|Solid compound of [[naphthalene]] sublimed to form a crystal-like structure on the cool surface.]]

[[Naphthalene]], an organic compound commonly found in pesticides such as [[mothball]]s, sublimes easily because it is made of non-polar molecules that are held together only by [[Van der Waals force|van der Waals]] intermolecular forces. Naphthalene is a solid that sublimes gradually at [[standard temperature and pressure]],<ref>

{{cite book

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|publisher=Thomson Brooks/Cole

}}</ref> to make the solid form of naphthalene evaporate into gas. On cool surfaces, the naphthalene vapours will solidify to form needle-like crystals.

[[File:Sublimation reaction of naphthalene.jpg|thumb|Experimental set up for the sublimation reaction of [[naphthalene]] Solid naphthalene sublimes and form the crystal-like structure at the bottom of the [[watch glass]]]]

[[File:Crystal-like sublimated naphthalene.jpg|thumb|Solid compound of [[naphthalene]] sublimed to form a crystal-like structure on the cool surface.]]

===Iodine===

[[Iodine]] gradually sublimes gradually and produces visible fumes on gentle heating at [[standard conditions for temperature and pressure|standard atmospheric temperature]]. It is possible to obtain liquid iodine at atmospheric pressure by controlling the temperature at just between the melting point and the boiling point of iodine. In [[forensic science]], iodine vapor can reveal latent [[fingerprint]]s on paper.<ref>{{cite book

[[File:Camphor sublimation 1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Camphor]] subliming in a [[cold finger]]. The crude product in the bottom is dark brown; the white purified product on the bottom of the cold finger above is hard to see against the light background.]]

[[Iodine]] gradually sublimes and produces visible fumes on gentle heating at [[standard conditions for temperature and pressure|standard atmospheric temperature]]. It is possible to obtain liquid iodine at atmospheric pressure by controlling the temperature at just between the melting point and the boiling point of iodine. In [[forensic science]], iodine vapor can reveal latent [[fingerprint]]s on paper.<ref>{{cite book

|last=Girard |first=James

|year= 2011

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=== Other substances ===

[[File:Camphor sublimation 1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Camphor]] subliming in a [[cold finger]]. The crude product in the bottom is dark brown; the white purified product on the bottom of the cold finger above is hard to see against the light background.]]

[[Arsenic]] can sublime readily at high temperatures.

[[Arsenic]] sublimes gradually upon heating at [[atmospheric pressure]], and sublimes rapidly at {{convert|887|K|C}}.<ref name="Holl3">{{cite book |last=Holleman |first=Arnold F. |title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie |author2=Wiberg, Egon |author3=Wiberg, Nils |date=1985 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-007511-3 |edition=91–100 |pages=675–681 |language=de |chapter=Arsen}}</ref>

[[Cadmium]] and [[zinc]] sublime much more than other common materials, so they are not suitable [[materials for use in vacuum]].{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}