Cosmological phase transition: Difference between revisions

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===Electroweak phase transition===

The electroweak phase transition marks the moment when the [[Higgs mechanism]] first activated, ending the [[electroweak epoch]].<ref name =guth-weinberg-higgs>

The electroweak phase transition marks the moment when the [[Higgs mechanism]] first activated, ending the [[electroweak epoch]].<ref name ="guth-weinberg-higgs">{{cite journal |last1=Guth |first1=Alan H. |last2=Weinberg |first2=Eric J. |title=A Cosmological Lower Bound on the Higgs Boson Mass |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |date=1980 |volume=45 |issue=14 |pages=1131–1134 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.1131|bibcode=1980PhRvL..45.1131G |osti=1445632 }}</ref><ref name="witten-higgs">{{cite journal |last1=Witten |first1=Edward |title=Cosmological Consequences of a Light Higgs Boson |journal=Nucl. Phys. B |date=1981 |volume=177 |issue=3 |pages=477–488|doi=10.1016/0550-3213(81)90182-6|bibcode=1981NuPhB.177..477W }}</ref> Just as for the strong force, lattice studies of the electroweak model have found the transition to be a smooth crossover, taking place at 159.5±1.5 [[GeV]].<ref name="donofrio-rummukainen">

{{cite journal

|last1=Guth |first1=Alan H. |author1-link=Alan Guth

|author1 = D'Onofrio, Michela

|last2=Weinberg |first2=Eric J.

|author2 = Rummukainen, Kari

|year = 20161980

|title =A Standardcosmological modellower cross-overbound on the latticeHiggs boson mass

|journal =[[Physical Phys. Rev.Review DLetters]]

|volume = 9345 |number issue= 214 |page pages= 0250031131–1134

|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevDPhysRevLett.9345.025003 |s2cid = 1192617761131

|bibcode = 2016PhRvD1980PhRvL..93b5003D45.1131G |hdl osti= 10138/159845 |hdl-access= free1445632

}}

|arxiv = 1508.07161

</ref><ref name=witten-higgs>

{{cite journal

|last1=Witten |first1=Edward

|year=1981

|title=Cosmological consequences of a light Higgs boson

|journal=[[Nuclear Physics B]]

|volume=177 |issue=3 |pages=477–488

|doi=10.1016/0550-3213(81)90182-6

|bibcode=1981NuPhB.177..477W

}}

</ref>

Just as for the strong force, lattice studies of the electroweak model have found the transition to be a smooth crossover, taking place at {{nobr| 159.5 ± 1.5 [[GeV]].}}<ref name=donofrio-rummukainen>

{{cite journal

|author1last1 = Dd'Onofrio, |first1 = Michela

|author2last2 = Rummukainen, |first2 = Kari

|year = 2016

|title = Standard model cross-over on the lattice

|journal = [[Physical Review D]]

|volume = 93 |number = 2 |page = 025003

|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.93.025003 |s2cid = 119261776

|bibcode = 2016PhRvD..93b5003D |hdl = 10138/159845 |hdl-access= free

|arxiv = 1508.07161

}}

</ref>

The conclusion that the transition is a crossover assumes the minimal scenario, and is modified by the presence of additional fields or particles. Particle physics models which account for [[dark matter]] or which lead to successful [[baryogenesis]] may predict a strongly first-order electroweak phase transition.<ref name="Cline2013">
{{cite journal
|first1=James |last1=Cline
|first1first2=JamesKimmo |last2=Kainulainen
|first2year=Kimmo 2013
|title=Electroweak baryogenesis and dark matter from a singlet Higgs
|journal=JCAP[[Journal |date=2013of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics]]
|volume=01 |issue=1 |pagespage=012
|doi=10.1088/1475-7516/2013/01/012
|arxiv=1210.4196|bibcode=2013JCAP...01..012C |s2cid=250739526 }}</ref>

|bibcode=2013JCAP...01..012C

}}

</ref>

===Phase transitions beyond the Standard Model===