Pakistani missile research and development program: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 07:34, 15 October 2024

Revision as of 08:29, 15 October 2024

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{{Short description|Pakistani technology initiative, established 1986}}

{{Copy edit|date=August 2024}}

{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2013}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}

[[File:IRBM of Pakistan at IDEAS 2008.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The missile systems developed as part of the Hatf program mounted on [[transporter erector launcher|TEL]] with Pakistani military markings in display at the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar|IDEAS]] in [[Karachi]], 2008.]]

The '''Hatf Program''' ([[Urdu]]: حتف; [[Transliteration|''Trans''.]] ''ḥāṯaʿf'', meaning: [[Aiming point|''Target'']]<ref name="Defence Journal, 1998">{{cite web |last1=Lodhi |first1=Lt.Gen. S.F.S. |date=31 May 1998 |title=Pakistan's Missile Technology |url=http://defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990221044419/http://defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm |archive-date=21 February 1999 |access-date=21 November 2014 |publisher=Defence Journal, 1998}}</ref>) was a classified program by the [[Ministry of Defence Pakistan|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) of Pakistan for the comprehensive research and development of [[Missile|guided missiles]].<ref name="Pakistan Observer, 2012">{{cite news |last1=Daheem |first1=Mohammad |date=18 October 2012 |title=Pakistan's missile capability |url=http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=178539 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044501/http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=178539 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=21 November 2014 |publisher=Pakistan Observer, 2012 |agency=Pakistan Observer}}</ref><ref name="Lancer">{{cite book |last1=Karim |first1=Afsir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltOgS1FjiR4C&q=pakistan+missile+program+1987&pg=PA43 |title=Indo-Pak relations : viewpoints, 1989-1996. |date=1996 |publisher=Lancer |isbn=189782923X |___location=New Delhi |access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref> Initiatives began in 1986-87 and received support from Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] in direct response to India's [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme|equivalent program]] in 1989.<ref name="Pakistan Missile Milestones">{{cite web |date=1 September 2014 |title=Pakistan Missile Milestones - 1994 |url=https://www.wisconsinproject.org/pakistan-missile-milestones-1961-2014/ |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control}}</ref><ref>Hans M. Kristensen, Robert S. Norris & Julia Diamond (2018) Pakistani nuclear forces, 2018, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 74:5, 348-358</ref>

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==Program overview==

[[File:IRBM of Pakistan at IDEAS 2008.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The missile systems developed as part of the Hatf program mounted on [[transporter erector launcher|TEL]] with Pakistani military markings in display at the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar|IDEAS]] in [[Karachi]], 2008.]]In 1987, planning and initiatives for the program began in response to India's revealed [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme|missile program]].<ref name="Defence Journal, 1998" /> General [[Mirza Aslam Beg|M. A. Beg]], then-[[Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]], hastily launched the program, intending it to be led by [[SUPARCO]].<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Feroz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=pakistani+missile+program+eating+grass |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb |date=7 November 2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1 |pages=500 |language=en |chapter=Pakistan's Missile Quest |format=google books |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref>

[[File:MRBM-IRBM.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Missile comparison: India and Pakistan, by [[Americans|US]] [[Missile Defense Agency|MDA]].]]

The [[:Category:Pakistaniprogram's federalfeasibility ministries|Pakistaniproved ministries]]more initiallychallenging avoidedthan the nuclear weapons program due to fundinadequate thefunding civilianand [[Spacea &lack Upperof Atmospherefocus Researchon Commission[[Control system|spacecontrol programsystems]] and [[Outlineaerodynamics]] ofeducation.<ref spacename="Stanford science|spaceUniversity education]]Press, evenKhan, there2012" exist/> anIndia, opportunitywith toexisting acquireknowledge thebased educationon throughRussian cooperationrockets, withwas thealready [[Unitedahead States]]in missile technology, developing its own independently.{{rp|234}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" />{{cite bookFurthermore, |last1=Khanthe |first1=Feroz[[Missile |title=EatingTechnology Grass:Control TheRegime]] Making(MTCR), offormed thein Pakistani1987, Bombhindered |date=7Pakistan's Novemberefforts 2012to |publisheracquire program components.<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" /><ref name="APH Publ. Corp.">{{cite book |isbnlast1=978-0-8047-8480-1Chitkara |pagesfirst1=500M.G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjECLCaAQCnO3QQC&q=pakistanibenazir+missile+program+eating+grass&pg=PA122 |title=Benazir – a profile |access-date=101996 September|publisher=APH 2023Publ. Corp. |languageisbn=en8170247527 |format___location=googleNew booksDelhi |chapteraccess-date=Pakistan's22 MissileNovember Quest2014}}</ref>

The Ministry of Defense eventually took over the ''Hatf'' program, delegating it to its weapons laboratories and agencies to collaborate with SUPARCO.<ref name="Dawn newspapers, 1998">{{cite news |last1=Beg |first1=M.A. |date=6 April 1998 |title=Ghauri won't rock the region |url=http://dawn.com/ |access-date=21 November 2014 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=6 April 1998}}</ref> In 1989, India successfully test -fired its first variant of the [[Prithvi (missile)|''Prithvi'']] missile, which it developedhad verybeen skillfully anddeveloping independently since 1983.{{rp|233-234}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" /> InThat same 1989year, the Space Research CommissionSUPARCO test -fired the [[Hatf-I|Hatf]], which the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto immediately declared thea test as "successful" in its first trialsuccess.{{rp|237}}<ref name="Stanford University PressHowever, Khan, 2012"/> Thethe U.S. military, on the other hand, dismissed the results, whenconsidering the American [[The Pentagon]] (U.S. military HQ) had seen this missile asan "inaccurate battlefield missile."{{rp|237}} <ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" />

It was in 1987 when the planning and initiatives for the program began when the military assessments revealed the existence of India's [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program|missile program]].<ref name="Defence Journal, 1998" /> In a direct response to India, the program was hastily launched by General [[Mirza Aslam Beg|M. A. Beg]], then-[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]], who wanted this program to be led by the [[Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|Space Research Commission]] (SUPARCO).{{rp|236}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/>

Contrary to United States acknowledgement that Pakistan's Hatf-I project was derived from its cooperation on sounding rockets, the testing of ''Hatf'' was shelved until proper education was sought.{{rp|236}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/> Under [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]], the ''Hatf'' program was aggressively sought who beganpursued to address the [[missile gap]] with India in 1993.<ref name="APH Publ. Corp.">{{cite book|last1=Chitkara|first1=M.G.|title=Benazir – a profile|date=1996|publisher=APH Publ. Corp.|___location=New Delhi|isbn=8170247527|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCaAQCnO3QQC&q=benazir+missile&pg=PA122|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Peter Lang">{{cite book |last1=Chakma |first1=Bhumitra |title=Strategic dynamics and nuclear weapons proliferation in South Asia : a historical analysis |date=2004 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=3039103822 |___location=Bern|isbn=3039103822}}</ref> The Benazir Bhutto government entered negotiation innegotiated engineering education and training on rockets with [[China]] and later [[North Korea]].<ref name="Foreign Policy">{{cite web |last1=Collins |first1=Catherine |title=Tale of Two Bhuttos |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/11/18/a_tale_of_two_bhuttos|publisher=Foreign Policy|access-date=22 November 2014 |publisher=Foreign Policy}}</ref> It is documented by the Pakistani military officials documented that Pakistan hadmade paid stacks ofsubstantial cash payments to China and North Korea through its [[State Bank of Pakistan|State Bank]] to Chinaacquire andpractical North Koreaknowledge in order to learn practical [[aerospace engineering]], controls engineering, programming and space sciences well before the ''Hatf'' program became feasible in early 2000s{{rp|240-245}}.<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" /><ref name="Penguin India">{{cite book |last1=Hussain |first1=Zahid |title=Frontline Pakistan : the path to catastrophe and the killing of Benazir Bhutto |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin India|___location=Delhi |isbn=978-0143064794 |edition=New |___location=Delhi}}</ref>

The feasibility of the program proved to be much more difficult than the nuclear weapons program since the space program was never adequately funded nor the [[engineering education]] on [[control system]]s and [[aerodynamics]] was ever sought after.{{rp|234}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/> India, which already had modest knowledge based on Russian rockets, was already ahead of attaining the technology from its own and derived its own outside of any [[Foreign relations of India|foreign cooperation]].{{rp|234}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/> Furthermore, the [[Missile Technology Control Regime]] (MTCR) formed by the [[G7]] in 1987 had hampered any efforts by Pakistan to acquire any parts for its program.{{rp|234}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/><ref name="APH Publ. Corp." /> Eventually, [[Ministry of Defence Pakistan|Ministry of Defence]] overtook the ''Hatf'' program who delegated to its weapons laboratories and [[DESTO (Pakistan)|agencies]] to collaborate with Space Research Commission on the feasibility of the program ingeniously.<ref name="Dawn newspapers, 1998"

>{{cite news|last1=Beg|first1=M.A.|title=Ghauri won't rock the region|url=http://dawn.com/|access-date=21 November 2014|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=6 April 1998}}</ref> In 1989, India test fired its first variant of [[Prithvi (missile)|''Prithvi'']] missile, which it developed very skillfully and independently since 1983.{{rp|233-234}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/> In 1989, the Space Research Commission test fired the [[Hatf]], which the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto immediately declared the test as "successful" in its first trial.{{rp|237}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/> The U.S. military, on the other hand, dismissed the results when the American [[The Pentagon]] (U.S. military HQ) had seen this missile as "inaccurate battlefield missile."{{rp|237}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/>

Despite the constraints and limitations, the ''Hatf'' program was made feasible, and the former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] is described as athe "political "architect of Pakistan's missile technology" by Emily MacFarquhar of the [[Alicia Patterson Foundation]].<ref name="Alicia Patterson Foundation">{{cite web |last1=MacFarquhar |first1=Emily |title=Benazir and the Bomb |url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/benazir-and-bomb|publisher=Alicia Patterson Foundation|access-date=22 November 2014 |publisher=Alicia Patterson Foundation}}</ref> At the federal level, the acknowledgement has been inIn 2014, when former [[Prime Minister of[[Yusuf PakistanRaza Gilani|Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] saidacknowledged Benazir Bhutto's contribution, stating, "Benazir Bhutto gave this country the much-needed missile technology"."<ref name="GEO TV">{{cite news |date=18 October 2014 |title=Aitzaz calls for introduction of fresh blood in PPP |url=http://www.geo.tv/article-162925-Aitzaz-calls-for-introduction-of-fresh-blood-in-PPP |access-date=22 November 2014 |publisher=GEO TV|date=18 October 2014}}</ref>

Contrary to United States acknowledgement that Pakistan's Hatf-I project was derived from its cooperation on sounding rockets, the testing of ''Hatf'' was shelved until proper education was sought.{{rp|236}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/> Under [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]], the ''Hatf'' program was aggressively sought who began to address the [[missile gap]] with India in 1993.<ref name="APH Publ. Corp.">{{cite book|last1=Chitkara|first1=M.G.|title=Benazir – a profile|date=1996|publisher=APH Publ. Corp.|___location=New Delhi|isbn=8170247527|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCaAQCnO3QQC&q=benazir+missile&pg=PA122|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Peter Lang">{{cite book|last1=Chakma|first1=Bhumitra|title=Strategic dynamics and nuclear weapons proliferation in South Asia : a historical analysis|date=2004|publisher=Peter Lang|___location=Bern|isbn=3039103822}}</ref> The Benazir Bhutto government entered negotiation in engineering education and training on rockets with [[China]] and later [[North Korea]].<ref name="Foreign Policy">{{cite web|last1=Collins|first1=Catherine|title=Tale of Two Bhuttos|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/11/18/a_tale_of_two_bhuttos|publisher=Foreign Policy|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref> It is documented by the Pakistani military officials that Pakistan had paid stacks of cash payments through its [[State Bank of Pakistan|State Bank]] to China and North Korea in order to learn practical [[aerospace engineering]], controls engineering, programming and space sciences well before the ''Hatf'' program became feasible in early 2000s{{rp|240-245}}.<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/><ref name="Penguin India">{{cite book|last1=Hussain|first1=Zahid|title=Frontline Pakistan : the path to catastrophe and the killing of Benazir Bhutto|date=2008|publisher=Penguin India|___location=Delhi|isbn=978-0143064794|edition=New}}</ref>

The program eventually expendedexpanded and diversified with the successful development of the [[cruise missile]]smissiles and other strategic -level arsenals in the early 2000s.<ref name="ainonline.com">{{cite web |title=Pakistan Launches Indigenous ALCM Again &#124; Defense: Aviation International News |url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2012-06-08/pakistan-launches-indigenous-alcm-again|title=Pakistan Launches Indigenous ALCM Again &#124; Defense: Aviation International News|publisher=ainonline.com|access-date=7 February 2015 |publisher=ainonline.com}}</ref>

Despite the constraints and limitations, the Hatf program was made feasible and the former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] is described as a political "architect of Pakistan's missile technology" by Emily MacFarquhar of [[Alicia Patterson Foundation]].<ref name="Alicia Patterson Foundation">{{cite web|last1=MacFarquhar|first1=Emily|title=Benazir and the Bomb|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/benazir-and-bomb|publisher=Alicia Patterson Foundation|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref> At the federal level, the acknowledgement has been in 2014, when former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] said, "Benazir Bhutto gave this country the much-needed missile technology".<ref name="GEO TV">{{cite news|title=Aitzaz calls for introduction of fresh blood in PPP|url=http://www.geo.tv/article-162925-Aitzaz-calls-for-introduction-of-fresh-blood-in-PPP|access-date=22 November 2014|publisher=GEO TV|date=18 October 2014}}</ref>

The program eventually expended and diversified with the successful development of the [[cruise missile]]s and other strategic level arsenals in the early 2000s.<ref name="ainonline.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2012-06-08/pakistan-launches-indigenous-alcm-again|title=Pakistan Launches Indigenous ALCM Again &#124; Defense: Aviation International News|publisher=ainonline.com|access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref>

===Codenames===

Line 52 ⟶ 49:

|}

=== Tactical missile development ===

===Battle-range system===

{{Main|Hatf-I|Nasr (missile)|l1 = Hatf|l2 = Nasr}}

The [[Hatf-I]] ([[English language|English tr.]]: "Target") was the first project that was developed under this program in 1987,. andDeployed by the systemPakistan Army, the Hatf-I is deployeda under[[Tactical theballistic missile|battlefield range]] system developed by [[PakistanSUPARCO]]. ArmyThe system was seen as direct competition with India’s [[Prithvi (missile)|''Prithvi'']] system.<ref name="Pakistan Defence Consortium">{{cite web |title=Timelime of Missiles |url=http://www.pakistanidefence.com/Nuclear&Missiles/Missile_Program_Chronology.html|publisher=Pakistan Defence Consortium|accessurl-datestatus=22dead November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063558/http://www.pakistanidefence.com/Nuclear%26Missiles/Missile_Program_Chronology.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |urlaccess-statusdate=dead}}</ref>22 TheNovember ''Hatf-I''2014 is a [[Battlefield range ballistic missile|battlefield range]] system developed by the [[SUPARCO|Space Research Commission]], together with the [[Khan Research Laboratories]] (KRL), oversaw the development of the first system that was seen as direct competition with Indian [[Prithvi (missile)|''Prithvi'']] system.<ref namepublisher="Pakistan Defence Consortium"}}</ref>

Despite claims of success by the Pakistani administration, the Pakistani military admissions indicatedadmitted that inaccuracy of the missile systemsystem’s thatinaccuracy led to the program’s shelving of the program until 2000 when it entered finally in theentered military service.{{rp|235-245}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" /> The Western assessments believed this system to influencebe influenced directly fromby American and French space rockets thatstudied Spaceby Research Commission studiedSUPARCO as part of its original civilian space program.<ref>"Pakistan derives its first 'Hatf' missiles from foreign space rockets," The Risk Report, October 1995, p. 5</ref><ref name="Missiles of the World">{{cite web |title=MissileThreat :: Hatf 1 :: Missiles of the World |url=http://www.missilethreat.com/missilesoftheworld/id.47/missile_detail.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008193609/http://www.missilethreat.com/missilesoftheworld/id.47/missile_detail.asp |archive-date=2007-10-08 |url-status=dead |title=MissileThreat :: Hatf 1 :: Missiles of the World |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> Lessons and experiences learn from the Hatf-I eventually led to the designs and development of the [[Nasr (missile)|''Nasr'']] in 2011, which is widely believed to be a delivery system for small [[tactical nuclear weapon|tactical]] [[nuclear weapon]]s.<ref name="Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control">{{cite web |date=1 October 1995 |title=Pakistan Derives its First "Hatf" Missiles from Foreign Space Rockets |url=https://www.wisconsinproject.org/pakistan-derives-its-first-hatf-missiles-from-foreign-space-rockets/ |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control}}</ref> The [[Battlefield range ballistic missile|battlefield range]] system is exclusively designed and deployed under the services of the Pakistan Army.<ref name="BBC, Pakistan Bureau" />

The [[Hatf-I]] ([[English language|English tr.]]: "Target") was the first project that was developed under this program in 1987, and the system is deployed under the [[Pakistan Army]].<ref name="Pakistan Defence Consortium">{{cite web|title=Timelime of Missiles|url=http://www.pakistanidefence.com/Nuclear&Missiles/Missile_Program_Chronology.html|publisher=Pakistan Defence Consortium|access-date=22 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063558/http://www.pakistanidefence.com/Nuclear%26Missiles/Missile_Program_Chronology.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ''Hatf-I'' is a [[Battlefield range ballistic missile|battlefield range]] system developed by the [[SUPARCO|Space Research Commission]], together with the [[Khan Research Laboratories]] (KRL), oversaw the development of the first system that was seen as direct competition with Indian [[Prithvi (missile)|''Prithvi'']] system.<ref name="Pakistan Defence Consortium"/>

Lessons and experiences gained from the Hatf-I eventually led to the design and development of the [[Nasr (missile)|''Nasr'']] in 2011, which is widely believed to be a delivery system for small [[Tactical nuclear weapon|tactical nuclear weapons]]. The battlefield range system is exclusively designed and deployed for the Pakistan Army.<ref name="BBC, Pakistan Bureau" />

Despite claims of success by Pakistani administration, the Pakistani military admissions indicated that inaccuracy of the missile system that led to the shelving of the program until 2000 when it entered finally in the military service.{{rp|235-245}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" /> The Western assessments believed this system to influence directly from American and French space rockets that Space Research Commission studied as part of its original civilian space program.<ref>"Pakistan derives its first 'Hatf' missiles from foreign space rockets," The Risk Report, October 1995, p. 5</ref><ref name="Missiles of the World">{{cite web|url=http://www.missilethreat.com/missilesoftheworld/id.47/missile_detail.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008193609/http://www.missilethreat.com/missilesoftheworld/id.47/missile_detail.asp |archive-date=2007-10-08 |url-status=dead |title=MissileThreat :: Hatf 1 :: Missiles of the World |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> Lessons and experiences learn from the Hatf-I eventually led to the designs and development of the [[Nasr (missile)|''Nasr'']] in 2011, which is widely believed to be a delivery system for small [[tactical nuclear weapon|tactical]] [[nuclear weapon]]s.<ref name="Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control">{{cite web |date=1 October 1995 |title=Pakistan Derives its First "Hatf" Missiles from Foreign Space Rockets |url=https://www.wisconsinproject.org/pakistan-derives-its-first-hatf-missiles-from-foreign-space-rockets/ |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control}}</ref> The [[Battlefield range ballistic missile|battlefield range]] system is exclusively designed and deployed under the services of the Pakistan Army.<ref name="BBC, Pakistan Bureau" />

===Short–medium range development===

[[File:SRBM Comparison.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Comparison by [[Missile Defense Agency|MDA]] of India and Pakistan's [[SRBM|short-range]] systems.]]

The [[ZiaHistory regimeof Pakistan|Zia administration]] was able to attained formeracquired Soviet [[Scud missile|Scud]] technology from the former [[Afghan Army|Afghan National Army]], but it was veryprovided little thatbenefit to the country's scientists couldin learn fromunderstanding short-range missile systemsystems.{{rp|235-244}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" /> It was inIn 1993 when, the [[Benazir Bhutto]] government began seekingsecretly procuring the procurement of [[DF-11]] (Pakistani military designation: M11) from [[People'sChina.<ref Republicname="Janes">{{cite ofweb China|China]]title=Hatf which3 it(Ghaznavi) succeeded(Pakistan), inOffensive procuringweapons in secrecy|url=http://articles.<refjanes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/Hatf-3-Ghaznavi-Pakistan.html name|access-date=16 June 2011 |publisher="Janes"}}</ref> TheWhile the Chinese short-range missile, however, arewas not nuclear weapons delivery capable, and any attempts to reverse engineer the Chinese missiles failed theits delivery mechanism of the systemfailed.{{rp|235-244}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" />

In 1995, thePakistan initiated a program onto developing thedevelop short-range missiles based on a solid fuel platform began, with China agreeing to provideproviding technological assistance in terms or providingand education onin aerospace and controls engineering at their universities.{{rp|235-244}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" /> FacingTo withaddress the deployment limitations of the M-11, the [[Abdali-I|Abdali program]] was designed and madeimplemented feasible forby the [[SUPARCO|Space Research Commission]] in 1995, whilstwhile the [[Ghaznavi (missile)|Ghaznavi program]] was delegated to the [[National Defence Complex]], which derived the programderiving from M-11 designs.{{rp|235-244}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" /><ref name="Janes">{{cite web |title=Hatf 3 (Ghaznavi) (Pakistan), Offensive weapons|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/Hatf-3-Ghaznavi-Pakistan.html|access-date=16 June 2011|publisher=Janes}}</ref> The Ghaznavi's rocket engine for [[Ghaznavi (missile)|Ghaznavi]], tested in 1997, and is stated to have beenwas a majorsignificant break-throughbreakthrough.<ref name="Janes" /> The [[DESTODefence Science (Pakistan)& Technology Organisation|DESTO]] took initiatives of designingdesigned five different types of [[warhead]]swarheads for the ''Ghaznavi'' and ''Abdali'', which cancould be delivered with a [[Circular Error Probability|CEP]] of 0.1% at 600&nbsp; km.<ref name="Janes"/> The Pakistani military officials have refuted the claims of ''Ghaznavi'' being developed in China and stressed that the entire system was designed in Pakistan amid in secrecy.<ref name="Lodi, Pakistan's Missile Technology">{{Cite web | last =Lodi | first =[[Lieutenant General]] Safdar F.S. | title =Pakistan's Missile Technology | work =Head of Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme (IMRDP) | publisher =Defence Journal of Pakistan | date =May 1998 | url =http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm | access-date =10 November 2010 | archive-date =2 November 2015 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20151102015319/http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm | url-status =dead }}</ref>

During this time, the [[Shaheen-I|Shaheen program]] was pursued and developed by the [[National Defence Complex]] (NDC). Despite facing technological setbacks the ''Shaheen'' program continued to evolve, producing its first prototype in 1999.<ref name="Khalid Hanif, original article at Jang Newspapers">{{cite web |last1=Khalid |first1=Hanif |title=How 'Shaheen' Was Developed |url=https://fas.org/news/pakistan/1999/fbis-nes-1999-0422.htm |access-date=22 November 2014 |publisher=Khalid Hanif, original article at Jang Newspapers}}</ref> The program proved sustainable, producing improved variants.<ref name="Missile Threat">{{cite web |title=Pakistan Seeks To Counter Indian ABM Defenses |url=http://missilethreat.com/missile-class/shaheen-3/ |access-date=22 November 2014 |website=missilethreat.com |publisher=Missile Threat}}</ref> The [[Ababeel (missile)|Ababeel]] was developed with MIRV capability to counter India's missile defence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan conducts first flight test of Ababeel surface-to-surface missile |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1310452/pakistan-conducts-first-flight-test-of-ababeel-surface-to-surface-missile |access-date=24 January 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>

During this time, the [[Shaheen-I|Shaheen program]] was widely pursued and developed by the [[National Defence Complex|National Defence Complex (NDC)]] for the operational deployment with the [[Pakistan Air Force]], which was funding and sponsoring the ''Shaheen'' program.<ref name="Khalid Hanif, original article at Jang Newspapers">{{cite web

|last1=Khalid |first1=Hanif

|title=How 'Shaheen' Was Developed

|url=https://fas.org/news/pakistan/1999/fbis-nes-1999-0422.htm

|publisher=Khalid Hanif, original article at Jang Newspapers

|access-date=22 November 2014

}}</ref> Outside of any foreign assistance to maintain the secrecy of the ''Shaheen'', the program faced many technological set backs and learning from India's developmental experience of the [[Agni-II]]— the ''Shaheen'' program continued to evolve and produced the first prototype for the Air Force in 1999.<ref name="Khalid Hanif, original article at Jang Newspapers"/> The ''Shaheen'' program proved sustainable and produced improved variants for the Pakistan Air Force's deployment.<ref name="Missile Threat">{{cite web

|title=Pakistan Seeks To Counter Indian ABM Defenses

|url=http://missilethreat.com/missile-class/shaheen-3/

|website=missilethreat.com

|publisher=Missile Threat

|access-date=22 November 2014

}}</ref> The ''Shaheen'' program was developed with [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|MIRV capability]] to address missile gap and to counter India's [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme|missile defense]].<ref name="Missile Threat"/><ref>{{cite news

|title=Pakistan conducts first flight test of Ababeel surface-to-surface missile

|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1310452/pakistan-conducts-first-flight-test-of-ababeel-surface-to-surface-missile

|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]

|access-date=24 January 2017

}}</ref>

The ''Hatf'' program did not restrict to solid-fuel engines but diversified to learn aboutinto liquid-fuel technology, when this program was delegated towith [[KahutaKhan Research Laboratories|KRL]], alsoas inits 1995lead. Codename [[Ghauri (missile)|Ghauri]], theThe technology for this program came directly from [[North Korea]], with support coming from the Benazir Bhutto's ministryadministration.<ref>{{Citation | title = surface to surface missile, Hatf-V (Ghauri) | date =6 April 1998 | url =https://fas.org/news/pakistan/1998/04/16980406.htm }}</ref> It is well documented by the Pakistani military admissions confirm that the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Finance ministry]] under Benazir Bhutto administrationpaid hadsignificant paid stacksamounts of cash (asto North Korea was interested in monetary values rather than technology barter trade) to Northfacilitate Koreathe totransfer facilitateof North Korean scientists to come to Pakistani universities tofor teachteaching aerospace engineering discipline.{{rp|244}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" /> DesignedOriginally underbased watchfulentirely guidanceon ofthe North Korean engineers[[Hwasong-7|Rodong-1]], the originally [[Ghauri (missile)|''Ghauri program'']], whichdesigned wasunder basedthe onguidance entirelyof onNorth [[Rodong-1]]Korean engineers, took its first flight in 1998 but thefailed enginedue failedto duringengine its flightfailure and the design wasa flawed as the rocket burned up on re-entry during its first test flightdesign.<ref name="Defence News">{{cite news |last1=Ansari |first1=Usman |date=28 May 2012 |title=Pakistan Test-Fires Medium-Range Ballistic Missile |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20121128/DEFREG03/311280005/Pakistan-Test-Fires-Medium-Range-Ballistic-Missile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130719165134/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20121128/DEFREG03/311280005/Pakistan-Test-Fires-Medium-Range-Ballistic-Missile|url-status=dead |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=22 November 2014 |agencypublisher=Defence News |publisheragency=Defence News|date=28 May 2012}}</ref>

WithAfter Norththe Koreanfirst engineersflight ejectedfailure fromin the1998, programNorth afterKorean theengineers firstwere flightremoved in 1998,from the [[Kahutaprogram, Researchforcing Laboratories|KRL]] was forced to work on [[reverse engineering]], and had to redesign the entire weapon system.<ref name="Defence News"/> With assistance from the [[DESTO (Pakistan)|DESTO]] and [[National Development Complex|NDC]], the first missile, [[Ghauri (missile)|Ghauri–I]]-I, was made feasible for deployment in 2004.<ref name="Defence News" /><ref>{{cite web |urldate=http://thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6307&Cat=13&dt=5/28/ May 2011 |title=Musharraf stopped funds for Ghauri-III missile saying: "Do you want to destroy Israel"|date=28 May 2011|publisherurl=The News International (http://thenews.com.pk)/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6307&Cat=13&dt=5/28/2011 |accessurl-datestatus=28dead May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001204501/http://thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6307&Cat=13&dt=5%2F28%2F2011 |archive-date=1 October 2011 |urlaccess-statusdate=dead28 May 2011 |publisher=The News International (thenews.com.pk)}}</ref>

===Cruise missile technology===