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==Historical application==
[[Image:Storck, Four Days Battle.jpg|thumb|350px|''The Royal Prince and other vessels at the Four Days Fight, 11–14 June 1666'' by ''Abraham Storck'' depicts a battle of the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]]. This period marked the beginning of a significant threat to Dutch hegemony in Europe]]Power transition theory often cites the [[Peloponnesian War]] between [[Athens]] and [[Sparta]] and [[Thucydides|Thucydides']] assertions that war was inevitable because of "the growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Sparta" and "the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must."<ref name=":Ma&Kang" />{{Rp|page=21}}
Power transition theory uses European historical cases as its theoretical basis and for deriving its causal propositions.<ref name=":Ma&Kang" />{{Rp|page=31}}
In 1518, [[Portugal]] assumed a hegemonic position in world politics.{{cn | reason = ''pace'' Hapsburg Spain and Ottoman Turkey.|date=August 2023}} However, as the [[Netherlands]] rose in power during the [[Dutch Golden Age]] of 1588 to 1672, a series of struggles led to the destruction of Portugal's power and a transition to Dutch hegemony. Dutch hegemony came into question from 1688 with the wars of [[Louis XIV of France]], which resulted in what political scientists refer to as the "Britain I Cycle"; the [[Napoleonic Wars]] interrupted this cycle and questioned the hegemony Britain possessed. However, ultimately, Allies' [[War of the Seventh Coalition | victory in 1815]] resulted in the maintenance of British power and the "Britain II Cycle".<ref name="Wittkopf"/> This cycle ended with the [[World War]]s of the first half of the 20th century. Wittkopf portrays the period of 1914–1945 as one of particular turbulence in which no power maintained hegemony, even after the 1919 [[Treaty of Versailles]].<ref name="Wittkopf"/> After the [[Second World War]] (1939–1945) the [[United States]] invested in a drastic increase in seapower concentration – and the U.S. and the [[Soviet Union]] became the world's first [[superpower]]s.<ref name="Wittkopf"/>
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