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== History ==
The first documented computer architecture was in the correspondence between [[Charles Babbage|'''Charles Babbage''']] and [[Ada Lovelace]], describing the [[analytical engine]]. While building the computer [[Z1 (computer)|Z1]] in 1936, [[Konrad Zuse|'''Konrad Zuse''']] described in two patent applications for his future projects that machine instructions could be stored in the same storage used for data, i.e., the [[Stored-program computer|stored-program]] concept.<ref>{{citation |title=Electronic Digital Computers |journal=Nature |date=25 September 1948 |volume=162 |page=487 |url=http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/natletter.html |access-date=2009-04-10 |doi=10.1038/162487a0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406014626/http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/natletter.html |archive-date=6 April 2009 |url-status=dead |last1=Williams |first1=F. C. |last2=Kilburn |first2=T. |issue=4117 |bibcode=1948Natur.162..487W |s2cid=4110351 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>Susanne Faber, "Konrad Zuses Bemuehungen um die Patentanmeldung der Z3", 2000</ref> Two other early and important examples are:
* '''[[John von Neumann]]'s''' 1945 paper, [[First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC]], which described an organization of logical elements;<ref>{{Cite book|title=First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC|last=Neumann|first=John|year=1945|pages=9}}</ref> and
*[[Alan M. Turing|Alan Turing]]'s more detailed ''Proposed Electronic Calculator'' for the [[Automatic Computing Engine]], also 1945 and which cited '''[[John von Neumann]]'s''' paper.<ref>Reproduced in B. J. Copeland (Ed.), "Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine", Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 369-454.</ref>
The term "architecture" in computer literature can be traced to the work of Lyle R. Johnson and [[Fred Brooks|'''Frederick P.''' '''Brooks, Jr'''.]], members of the Machine Organization department in IBM's main research center in 1959. Johnson had the opportunity to write a proprietary research communication about the [[IBM 7030 Stretch|Stretch]], an IBM-developed [[supercomputer]] for [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] (at the time known as Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory). To describe the level of detail for discussing the luxuriously embellished computer, he noted that his description of formats, instruction types, hardware parameters, and speed enhancements were at the level of "system architecture", a term that seemed more useful than "machine organization".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IBM/Stretch/pdfs/05-10/102634114.pdf |last1= Johnson |first1=Lyle| title= A Description of Stretch|page=1|year=1960|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref>
Subsequently, Brooks, a Stretch designer, opened Chapter 2 of a book called ''Planning a Computer System: Project Stretch'' by stating, "Computer architecture, like other architecture, is the art of determining the needs of the user of a structure and then designing to meet those needs as effectively as possible within economic and technological constraints."<ref>{{Cite book |title= Planning a Computer System|last=Buchholz |first=Werner|year=1962|pages=5}}</ref>
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