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The first record of the proposal to evolve programs is probably that of [[Alan Turing]] in 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/oai_cogprints_soton_ac_uk_499.html|title=Computing Machinery and Intelligence|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> There was a gap of 25 years before the publication of John Holland's 'Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems' laid out the theoretical and empirical foundations of the science. In 1981, Richard Forsyth demonstrated the successful evolution of small programs, represented as trees, to perform classification of crime scene evidence for the UK Home Office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/kybernetes_forsyth.html|title=BEAGLE A Darwinian Approach to Pattern Recognition|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref>
Although the idea of evolving programs, initially in the computer language [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]], was current amongst John
Koza followed this with 205 publications on “Genetic Programming” (GP), name coined by David Goldberg, also a PhD student of John Holland.<ref>Goldberg. D.E. (1983), Computer-aided gas pipeline operation using genetic algorithms and rule learning. Dissertation presented to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Michigan, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Ph.D.</ref> However, it is the series of 4 books by Koza, starting in 1992<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/koza_book.html|title=Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> with accompanying videos,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTMpKrKkYXo| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/tTMpKrKkYXo| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Genetic Programming:The Movie|website=gpbib.cs.ucl.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2021-05-20}}{{cbignore}}</ref> that really established GP. Subsequently, there was an enormous expansion of the number of publications with the Genetic Programming Bibliography, surpassing 10,000 entries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gpbib.cs.ucl.ac.uk/gp-html/Hu_2014_Alife.html|title=The effects of recombination on phenotypic exploration and robustness in evolution|website=gpbib.cs.ucl.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2021-05-20}}</ref> In 2010, Koza<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/Koza_2010_GPEM.html|title=Human-competitive results produced by genetic programming|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> listed 77 results where Genetic Programming was human competitive.
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===Foundational work in GP===
Early work that set the stage for current genetic programming research topics and applications is diverse, and includes [[program synthesis|software synthesis]] and repair, predictive modeling, data mining,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/freitas_2002_book.html|title=Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery with Evolutionary Algorithms|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> financial modeling,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/tsang_1998_eddie.html|title=EDDIE beats the bookies|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> soft sensors,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/Kordon_book.html|title=Applying Computational Intelligence How to Create Value|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> design,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/DBLP_journals_aiedam_Koza08.html|title=Human-competitive machine invention by means of genetic programming|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> and image processing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/lam_doh_gecco2004.html|title=Discovery of Human-Competitive Image Texture Feature Extraction Programs Using Genetic Programming|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> Applications in some areas, such as design, often make use of intermediate representations,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/bentley_1999_TWGDACEEDP.html|title=Three Ways to Grow Designs: A Comparison of Embryogenies for an Evolutionary Design Problem|website=www.cs.bham.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> such as Fred
==Methods==
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