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The first and third terms are the CP-symmetric [[kinetic term|kinetic terms]] of the [[gauge theory|gauge]] and quark fields. The fourth term is the quark mass term which is CP violating for non-zero phases <math>\theta' \neq 0</math> while the second term is the so-called [[theta vacuum|θ-term]] or “vacuum angle”, which also violates CP-symmetry.
Quark fields can always be redefined by performing a chiral transformation by some angle <math>\alpha</math> as
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