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He received a master's degree in Electrical Engineering from [[MIT]] in 1926, and taught for two years as an instructor. In 1928, he joined [[Bell Laboratories]], where he worked mostly on [[vacuum tube]]s, including improvements of [[radar]] during [[World War II]].<ref name="memres"/> He developed a gas-discharge transmit-receive switch (TR tube) that allowed a single antenna to be used for both transmitting and receiving.<ref>{{cite journal |title= The Gas-Discharge Transmit-Receive Switch |author= A. L. Samuel |author2= J. W. Clark |author3= W. W. Mumford |name-list-style= amp |journal= The Bell System Technical Journal |pages= 48–101|volume= 25 |year= 1946 |url= https://archive.org/details/bellsystemtechni25amerrich |doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1946.tb00896.x}}</ref> After the war he moved to the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] to become a Professor of Electrical Engineering, where he initiated the [[ILLIAC]] project, but left before its first computer was complete.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arthur Samuel |url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/samuel.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=infolab.stanford.edu}}</ref>
Samuel went to [[IBM]] in [[Poughkeepsie (town), New York|Poughkeepsie, New York]], in 1949, where he would conceive and carry out his most successful work. He is credited with one of the first software [[hash table]]s, and influencing early research in using [[transistor]]s for computers at IBM.<ref name="history-92">{{cite journal |title= Arthur Lee Samuel (1901-90) |author= E. A. Weiss |journal= IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |pages= 55–69 |volume= 14 |issue= 3 |year= 1992 |doi= 10.1109/85.150082 }}</ref> At IBM he made the first [[draughts|checkers]] program on IBM's first commercial computer, the [[IBM 701]]. The program was a sensational demonstration of the advances in both hardware and skilled programming and caused IBM's stock to increase 15 points overnight. His pioneering non-numerical programming helped shape the instruction set of processors, as he was one of the first to work with computers on projects other than computation.<ref name="mccarthy-ai90" /> He was known for writing articles that made complex subjects easy to understand. He was chosen to write an introduction to one of the earliest journals devoted to computing in 1953.<ref name="computer1953">{{cite journal |title=Computing Bit by Bit or Digital Computers Made Easy |author= A. L. Samuel |journal= Proceedings of the IRE |page= 1223 |volume= 41 |issue= 10 |year= 1953 |doi= 10.1109/JRPROC.1953.274271 |s2cid= 51652282 }}</ref
In 1966, Samuel retired from IBM and became a professor at [[Stanford University]], where he worked the remainder of his life. He worked with [[Donald Knuth]] on the [[TeX]] project, including writing some of the documentation. He continued to write software past his 88th birthday.<ref name=tex-90>{{cite news |title= Arthur Lee Samuel, 1901-1990 |work= TUGboat |year= 1990 |pages= 497–498 |author= Donald Knuth |author-link= Donald Knuth |url= http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb11-4/tb30knut-samuel.pdf |access-date = April 29, 2011 }}</ref>
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