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===Abstraction and indirection===
* [[Object-oriented programming]] uses two basic concepts for understanding data and software:
# The taxonomic rank-structure of ''[[Class (computer programming)|classes]]'', which is an example run time, the creation of referencesa tohierarchical in-zg)#Objectdata lisstructure; liband
# at run time, the creation of references to in-memory data-structures of objects that have been [[Instance (computer science)|instantiated]] from a [[Library (computing)#Object libraries|class library]].
It is only after instantiation that an objenobject of a specified class exists. After an object's ryreference is cleared, the object also ceases to exist. The memory locations where the object's data was stornstored are [[Garbage collection (computer science)|garbage]] and are reclassified as unused memory available for reuse.
 
===Database data===
* The advent of [[database]]s introduced a further [[Abstraction layer|layer of abstraction]] for persisteentpersistent data storage. Databases use [[metadata]], and a [[SQL|structured query language]] protocol between [[Client–server model|client and server]] systems, ccatingcommunicating over a [[compcomputer network]], using a [[Two-phase commit protocol|two phase commit]] logging system to ensure [[Database transaction|transactional]] completeness, when saving data.
 
===Parallel distributed data processing===
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==See also==
{{div col|colmcolwidth=20em}}
* [[BiBig data]]
* [[Data]]
* [[Data dictionary]]
* [[Data modeling]]
* [[Data stream]]
* [[Data set]]
* [[Database index]]
* [[State (computer science)]]
* [[Tuple]]
{{div col end}}
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
{{data}}
{{Authority contcontrol}}
 
[[Category:Computer data| ]]