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A disadvantage of TDMA systems is that they create [[electromagnetic interference|interference]] at a frequency which is directly connected to the time slot length. This is the buzz which can sometimes be heard if a TDMA phone is left next to a radio or speakers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eetimes.com/design/microwave-rf-design/4019057/Minimize-GSM-buzz-noise-in-mobile-phones | title=Minimize GSM buzz noise in mobile phones | publisher = EETimes | date=July 20, 2009 | access-date=November 22, 2010}}</ref> Another disadvantage is that the "dead time" between time slots limits the potential bandwidth of a TDMA channel. These are implemented in part because of the difficulty in ensuring that different terminals transmit at exactly the times required. Handsets that are moving will need to constantly adjust their timings to ensure their transmission is received at precisely the right time, because as they move further from the base station, their signal will take longer to arrive. This also means that the major TDMA systems have hard limits on cell sizes in terms of range, though in practice the power levels required to receive and transmit over distances greater than the supported range would be mostly impractical anyway.
== Advantages of TDMA ==
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) is a communication method that allocates radio frequency (RF) bandwidth into discrete time slots, allowing multiple users to share the channel in a sequential manner. This approach not only improves spectrum efficiency compared to analog systems but also offers several specific advantages that enhance communication quality and system performance<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)? |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/TDMA |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Networking |language=en}}</ref>.
=== Advantages of TDMA: ===
# '''Enhanced Spectrum Efficiency''': TDMA maximizes the use of available bandwidth by allowing multiple users to share the same channel without overlapping. Each user is assigned a specific time slot, ensuring that the channel's capacity is fully utilized, thereby increasing overall system efficiency.
# '''Reduction of Intersymbol Interference''': By assigning nonoverlapping time slots to users, TDMA significantly reduces the risk of intersymbol interference. This interference occurs when signals from adjacent symbols overlap, leading to distortion and communication errors. The clear separation of time slots ensures that each symbol is transmitted distinctly, enhancing the reliability and clarity of the signal.
# '''Elimination of Guard Bands''': Since adjacent channels in TDMA do not interfere with one another, there is no need for guard bands—unused frequency ranges that typically separate channels to prevent interference in other systems. This absence of guard bands allows for more efficient use of the available spectrum, providing additional capacity for more users.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Amritpreet |last2=Kaur |first2=Guneet |date=2017-03-15 |title=The Enhanced ECC Approach to Secure Code Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Network |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2017913237 |journal=International Journal of Computer Applications |volume=161 |issue=7 |pages=30–33 |doi=10.5120/ijca2017913237 |issn=0975-8887}}</ref>
# '''Flexible Rate Allocation''': TDMA supports dynamic allocation of time slots, allowing the system to adapt to varying user demands. Users can be assigned multiple time slots based on their data transmission needs, which can vary due to factors such as call duration or data requirements. This flexibility optimizes resource usage and can improve overall user experience.
# '''Low Battery Consumption''': Unlike FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), which requires continuous transmission, TDMA operates in a noncontinuous manner. Each transmitter can be turned off when not in use, leading to significant power savings. This is particularly advantageous for mobile devices, as it prolongs battery life and reduces the need for frequent recharging.
# '''Simplified Implementation''': The time-based nature of TDMA simplifies the implementation of synchronization mechanisms between users. As users take turns using the channel, the system can more easily manage timing and coordination compared to more complex methods like CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), where signals overlap.<ref>{{Citation |title=Multiple access techniques: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA; system capacity comparisons |date=2004-12-16 |work=Mobile Wireless Communications |pages=137–160 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511811333.007 |access-date=2024-10-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
# '''Scalability''': TDMA systems can be scaled effectively to accommodate a growing number of users. As demand increases, additional time slots can be introduced without the need for significant changes to the existing infrastructure, making it easier to expand the network capacity.
# '''Improved Quality of Service (QoS)''': With the ability to assign specific time slots and manage user access dynamically, TDMA can enhance the overall quality of service. This can lead to reduced latency and increased throughput, ensuring that users experience reliable and efficient communication.
=== Disadvantages of TDMA: ===
# '''Guard Intervals''': To prevent interference between adjacent TDMA slots, guard intervals must be added. These intervals, typically ranging from 30 to 50 microseconds, serve as buffers to ensure that transmissions do not overlap. However, this requirement for extra time means that the overall throughput of the system can be reduced, as valuable time is spent in guard intervals rather than transmitting data. This is particularly problematic in cellular networks where time and energy efficiency are paramount.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nguyen |first=Kien |last2=Golam Kibria |first2=Mirza |last3=Ishizu |first3=Kentaro |last4=Kojima |first4=Fumihide |date=2019-02-14 |title=Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.11ad in Evolving Wi-Fi Networks |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4089365 |journal=Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing |volume=2019 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1155/2019/4089365 |issn=1530-8669}}</ref>
# '''Energy Consumption''': While TDMA allows for some energy savings by turning off transmitters during idle periods, the inclusion of guard intervals can offset these benefits. The need for synchronization and the overhead associated with managing time slots can lead to increased energy consumption, particularly in scenarios where numerous users are competing for access to the channel. This can be a critical issue for mobile devices that rely on battery power.
# '''Synchronization Challenges''': TDMA requires precise synchronization between all users to ensure that each user transmits within their designated time slot. This can complicate system design and implementation, especially in dynamic environments where users may frequently join or leave the network. Maintaining synchronization becomes increasingly difficult as the number of users grows, leading to potential disruptions and communication errors if not managed effectively.
# '''Limited Data Rates''': TDMA generally provides medium data rates compared to other multiple access techniques like CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). This limitation arises from the fixed time slot allocation, which can restrict the amount of data that can be transmitted in a given timeframe. As a result, users with higher data requirements may experience slower transmission speeds, leading to potential dissatisfaction and reduced performance for data-intensive applications.
# '''Moderate System Flexibility''': TDMA offers moderate flexibility in terms of user allocation and data transmission rates. Unlike CDMA, which allows for a more dynamic and adaptive use of bandwidth, TDMA's fixed time slot assignment can lead to inefficiencies. In scenarios where user demand fluctuates significantly, the rigid structure of TDMA may result in underutilization of resources, as not all time slots may be filled during periods of low demand.<ref>{{Citation |title=Multiple access techniques: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA; system capacity comparisons |date=2004-12-16 |work=Mobile Wireless Communications |pages=137–160 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511811333.007 |access-date=2024-10-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
# '''Latency Issues''': Due to the time-sharing nature of TDMA, users may experience increased latency. When multiple users are connected, each must wait for their designated time slot to transmit data. In applications that require real-time communication, such as voice calls or video conferencing, this added delay can affect the quality of service, leading to lag and reduced responsiveness.
# '''Scalability Constraints''': While TDMA can accommodate a growing number of users by adding more time slots, this scalability is limited by the need for synchronization and the fixed nature of time slot assignments. As user demand increases, the system may face challenges in maintaining performance levels without significant investment in infrastructure upgrades or more complex management systems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Le Gouable |first=R. |date=2000 |title=Performance of MC-CDMA systems in multipath indoor environments. Comparison with COFDM-TDMA system |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20000018 |journal=First International Conference on 3G Mobile Communication Technologies |publisher=IEE |volume=2000 |pages=81–85 |doi=10.1049/cp:20000018}}</ref>
== Dynamic TDMA ==
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