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===Peptide computing===
{{main|peptide computing}}
Peptide computing is a computational model that uses peptides and antibodies to solve NP-complete problems and has been shown to be computationally universal. It offers advantages over DNA computing, such as a larger number of building blocks and more flexible interactions, but has not yet been practically realized due to the limited availability of specific monoclonal antibodies.<ref>{{cite book | doi = 10.1007/3-540-48017-X_27 |author1=M. Sakthi Balan |author2=Kamala Krithivasan|author2-link=Kamala Krithivasan |author3=Y. Sivasubramanyam |title=DNA Computing |chapter=Peptide Computing - Universality and Complexity | volume = 2340 | pages = 290–299 | url = http://www.csd.uwo.ca/~sakthi/hpp_revised.ps | series = Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=2002 | isbn = 978-3-540-43775-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hubert Hug |author-link=Hubert Hug |author2=Rainer Schuler |author2-link=Rainer Schuler |name-list-style=amp | year = 2001 | title = Strategies for the development of a peptide computer | journal = Bioinformatics | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 364–368 | doi = 10.1093/bioinformatics/17.4.364| pmid=11301306|doi-access = }}</ref>
===DNA computing===
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