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== Conflict over dominance ==
Animal decisions regarding involvement in conflict are defined by the interplay between the costs and benefits of agonistic behaviors. When initially developed, [[game theory]], the study of optimal strategies during pair-wise conflict, was grounded in the false assumption that animals engaged in conflict were of equal fighting ability. Modifications, however, have provided increased focus on the differences between the fighting capabilities of animals and raised questions about their evolutionary development. These differences are believed to determine the outcomes of fights, their intensity, and animal decisions to submit or continue fighting. The influence of aggression, threats, and fighting on the strategies of individuals engaged in conflict has proven integral to establishing social hierarchies reflective of dominant-subordinate interactions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chase |first1=I. D. |last2=Tovey |first2=C. |last3=Murch |first3=P. |year=2003 |title=Two's Company, Three's a Crowd: Differences in Dominance Relationships in Isolated versus Socially Embedded Pairs of Fish |journal=Behaviour |volume=140 |issue=10 |pages=1193–217 |doi=10.1163/156853903771980558 |s2cid=56345496 }}</ref>
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