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Unlike distributed robotic systems in general, swarm robotics emphasizes a large number of robots, and promotes [[scalability]], for instance by using only local communication.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hamann|first=H.|title=Swarm Robotics: A Formal Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnNLDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=Springer International Publishing|___location=New York|isbn=978-3-319-74528-2}}</ref> That local communication for example can be achieved by [[wireless]] transmission systems, like [[radio frequency]] or [[infrared]].<ref>[http://correll.cs.colorado.edu/wp-content/uploads/correll_rus_chapter3.pdf N. Correll, D. Rus. Architectures and control of networked robotic systems. In: Serge Kernbach (Ed.): Handbook of Collective Robotics, pp. 81-104, Pan Stanford, Singapore, 2013.]</ref>
Miniaturization and cost are key factors in swarm robotics. These are the constraints in building large groups of robots; therefore the simplicity of the individual team member is emphasized. This motivates a swarm-intelligent approach to achieve meaningful behavior at swarm-level, instead of the individual level. The goals include keeping the cost of individual robots low to allow [[scalability]], making each robot less demanding of resources and more energy efficient.▼
Compared with individual robots, a swarm can commonly decompose its given missions to their subtasks;<ref name="ijrnc">{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=J. |last2=Bhowmick |first2=P. |last3=Lanzon |first3=A. |title=Two-layer distributed formation-containment control strategy for linear swarm systems: Algorithm and experiments |journal=International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control |date=2020 |volume=30 |issue=16 |pages=6433–6453 |doi=10.1002/rnc.5105 |doi-access=free }}</ref> a swarm is more robust to partial failure and is more flexible with regard to different missions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yuSrDwAAQBAJ |title=Autonomous Mobile Robots and Multi-Robot Systems: Motion-Planning, Communication, and Swarming|first1=E.|last1=Kagan|first2=N.|last2=Shvalb|first3=I.|last3=Gal|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2019|isbn=9781119212867}}</ref>▼
One such swarm system is the LIBOT Robotic System<ref>{{citation|doi=10.1109/CYBER.2012.6392577|chapter=Libot: Design of a low cost mobile robot for outdoor swarm robotics|title=2012 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems (CYBER)|pages=342–347|year=2012|last1=Zahugi|first1=Emaad Mohamed H.|last2=Shabani|first2=Ahmed M.|last3=Prasad|first3=T. V.|isbn=978-1-4673-1421-3|s2cid=14692473}}</ref> that involves a low cost robot built for outdoor swarm robotics. The robots are also made with provisions for indoor use via Wi-Fi, since the GPS sensors provide poor communication inside buildings. Another such attempt is the micro robot (Colias),<ref>Arvin, F.; Murray, J.C.; Licheng Shi; Chun Zhang; Shigang Yue, "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Farshad_Arvin/publication/271545281_Development_of_an_autonomous_micro_robot_for_swarm_robotics/links/55e4bad008aede0b57357ed4.pdf Development of an autonomous micro robot for swarm robotics]," 2014 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA), vol., no., pp.635,640, 3-6 Aug. 2014 doi: 10.1109/ICMA.2014.6885771</ref> built in the Computer Intelligence Lab at the [[University of Lincoln]], UK. This micro robot is built on a 4 cm circular chassis and is a low-cost and open platform for use in a variety of swarm robotics applications.▼
== Five Principles of Robotic Swarm Intelligence ==
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# Expandability: The system should allow for dynamic expansion, permitting new members to be added seamlessly.
# Resiliency: The swarm must be self-healing. If members are removed, the remaining robots should take over unfinished tasks.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axxXz2BM0yw |title=Five Principles of Swarm Intelligence |date=2016-09-20 |last=Alfonso |access-date=2024-08-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
== Applications ==
▲Miniaturization and cost are key factors in swarm robotics. These are the constraints in building large groups of robots; therefore the simplicity of the individual team member is emphasized. This motivates a swarm-intelligent approach to achieve meaningful behavior at swarm-level, instead of the individual level. The goals include keeping the cost of individual robots low to allow [[scalability]], making each robot less demanding of resources and more energy efficient.
▲Compared with individual robots, a swarm can commonly decompose its given missions to their subtasks;<ref name="ijrnc">{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=J. |last2=Bhowmick |first2=P. |last3=Lanzon |first3=A. |title=Two-layer distributed formation-containment control strategy for linear swarm systems: Algorithm and experiments |journal=International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control |date=2020 |volume=30 |issue=16 |pages=6433–6453 |doi=10.1002/rnc.5105 |doi-access=free }}</ref> a swarm is more robust to partial failure and is more flexible with regard to different missions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yuSrDwAAQBAJ |title=Autonomous Mobile Robots and Multi-Robot Systems: Motion-Planning, Communication, and Swarming|first1=E.|last1=Kagan|first2=N.|last2=Shvalb|first3=I.|last3=Gal|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2019|isbn=9781119212867}}</ref>
▲One such swarm system is the LIBOT Robotic System<ref>{{citation|doi=10.1109/CYBER.2012.6392577|chapter=Libot: Design of a low cost mobile robot for outdoor swarm robotics|title=2012 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems (CYBER)|pages=342–347|year=2012|last1=Zahugi|first1=Emaad Mohamed H.|last2=Shabani|first2=Ahmed M.|last3=Prasad|first3=T. V.|isbn=978-1-4673-1421-3|s2cid=14692473}}</ref> that involves a low cost robot built for outdoor swarm robotics. The robots are also made with provisions for indoor use via Wi-Fi, since the GPS sensors provide poor communication inside buildings. Another such attempt is the micro robot (Colias),<ref>Arvin, F.; Murray, J.C.; Licheng Shi; Chun Zhang; Shigang Yue, "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Farshad_Arvin/publication/271545281_Development_of_an_autonomous_micro_robot_for_swarm_robotics/links/55e4bad008aede0b57357ed4.pdf Development of an autonomous micro robot for swarm robotics]," 2014 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA), vol., no., pp.635,640, 3-6 Aug. 2014 doi: 10.1109/ICMA.2014.6885771</ref> built in the Computer Intelligence Lab at the [[University of Lincoln]], UK. This micro robot is built on a 4 cm circular chassis and is a low-cost and open platform for use in a variety of swarm robotics applications.
=== Applications ===
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