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Young noticed the similarities between hieroglyphic and demotic signs and concluded that the hieroglyphic signs had evolved into the demotic ones. If so, Young reasoned, demotic could not be a purely phonetic script but must also include ideographic signs that were derived from hieroglyphs; he wrote to de Sacy with this insight in 1815.{{sfn|Pope|1999|p=67}}{{refn|Young and other scholars recognised that hieratic represented an intermediate stage between hieroglyphic and demotic, but its exact nature, and whether it should be regarded as a distinct script from demotic, remained disputed throughout the period in which Young and Champollion were working.{{sfn|Buchwald|Josefowicz|2020|pp=137, 237}}|group="Note"}} Although he hoped to find phonetic signs in the hieroglyphic script, he was thwarted by the wide variety of phonetic spellings the script used. He concluded that phonetic hieroglyphs did not exist—with a major exception.{{sfn|Iversen|1993|pp=135, 141}} In his 1802 publication de Sacy had said hieroglyphs might function phonetically when writing foreign words.{{sfn|Thompson|2015a|p=110}} In 1811 he suggested, after learning about a similar practice in Chinese writing,{{sfn|Pope|1999|p=66}} that a cartouche signified a word written phonetically—such as the name of a non-Egyptian ruler like Ptolemy.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|pp=153–154}} Young applied these suggestions to the cartouches on the Rosetta Stone. Some were short, consisting of eight signs, while others contained those same signs followed by many more. Young guessed that the long cartouches contained the Egyptian form of the title given to Ptolemy in the Greek inscription: "living for ever, beloved of [the god] [[Ptah]]". Therefore, he concentrated on the first eight signs, which should correspond to the Greek form of the name, ''Ptolemaios''. Adopting some of the phonetic values proposed by Åkerblad, Young matched the eight hieroglyphs to their demotic equivalents and proposed that some signs represented several phonetic values while others stood for just one.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|pp=159–161}} He then attempted to apply the results to a cartouche of Berenice, the name of a Ptolemaic queen, with less success, although he did identify a pair of hieroglyphs that marked the ending of a feminine name.{{sfn|Adkins|Adkins|2000|pp=153–154}} The result was a set of thirteen phonetic values for hieroglyphic and demotic signs. Six were correct, three partly correct, and four wrong.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|pp=159–161}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
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|+ style="text-align: center" | Young's analysis of the cartouche of Ptolemy{{sfn|Robinson|2006|pp=159–161}}
! colspan=8 |
{| ▲ <td> [[File:Hiero_Ca1.svg|alt=|link=]]</td>
▲ <td> <!----Lines and hieroglyphs:---->
▲ <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
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▲ <td height="2px" style="background-color:black"></td>
▲ <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> [[File:Hiero_Ca2.svg|alt=|link=]]</td>
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| '''Hieroglyph''' || style="width: 4em;" | <hiero>p</hiero> || style="width: 4em;" | <hiero>t</hiero> || style="width: 4em;" | <hiero>wA</hiero> || style="width: 4em;" | <hiero>l</hiero> || style="width: 4em;" | <hiero>M</hiero> || style="width: 4em;" | <hiero>i-i</hiero> || style="width: 4em;" | <hiero>s</hiero>
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| '''Young's reading''' || P || T || inessential || LO or OLE || MA or M || I || OSH or OS
|}
Young summarised his work in his article "Egypt", published anonymously in a supplement to the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' in 1819. It gave conjectural translations for 218 words in demotic and 200 in hieroglyphic and correctly correlated about 80 hieroglyphic signs with demotic equivalents.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|pp=161–162}} As the Egyptologist [[Francis Llewellyn Griffith]] put it in 1922, Young's results were "mixed up with many false conclusions, but the method pursued was infallibly leading to definite decipherment."{{sfn|Griffith|1951|p=41}} Yet Young was less interested in ancient Egyptian texts themselves than in the writing systems as an intellectual puzzle, and his multiple scientific interests made it difficult for him to concentrate on decipherment. He achieved little more on the subject in the next few years.{{sfn|Ray|2007|pp=49–51}}
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Champollion broke down the hieroglyphs in Ptolemy's name differently from Young and found that three of his conjectured phonetic signs—''p'', ''l'' and ''o''—fitted into Cleopatra's cartouche. A fourth, ''e'', was represented by a single hieroglyph in Cleopatra's cartouche and a doubled version of the same glyph in Ptolemy's cartouche. A fifth sound, ''t'', seemed to be written with different signs in each cartouche, but Champollion decided these signs must be [[homophone]]s, different signs spelling the same sound. He proceeded to test these letters in other cartouches, identify the names of many Greek and Roman rulers of Egypt and extrapolate the values of still more letters.{{sfn|Adkins|Adkins|2000|pp=173–175}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
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|+ style="text-align: center" | Champollion's analysis of the cartouche of Ptolemy{{sfn|Adkins|Adkins|2000|p=173}}
! colspan=8 |
{| ▲ <td> [[File:Hiero_Ca1.svg|alt=|link=]]</td>
▲ <td> <!----Lines and hieroglyphs:---->
▲ <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
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| height="2px" style="background-color:black" |
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▲ <td height="2px" style="background-color:black"></td>
▲ <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> [[File:Hiero_Ca2.svg|alt=|link=]]</td>
|-
| '''Hieroglyph''' || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>p</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>t</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>wA</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>l</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>M</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>i-i</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>s</hiero>
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| '''Champollion's reading''' || P || T || O || L || M || E || S
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
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|+ style="text-align: center" | Champollion's analysis of the cartouche of Cleopatra{{sfn|Robinson|2012|pp=136–137, 144}}{{sfn|Allen|2014|p=10}}
! colspan=11 |
{| ▲ <td> [[File:Hiero_Ca1.svg|alt=|link=]]</td>
▲ <td> <!----Lines and hieroglyphs:---->
| height="2px" style="background-color:black" |
▲ <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
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▲ <td height="2px" style="background-color:black"></td>
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| '''Hieroglyph''' || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>q</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>l</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>i</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>wA</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>p</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>A</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>d</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>r</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>A</hiero> ||style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>t:H8</hiero>
▲ <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> [[File:Hiero_Ca2.svg|alt=|link=]]</td>
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▲| '''Hieroglyph''' || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>q</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>l</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>i</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>wA</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>p</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>A</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>d</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>r</hiero> || style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>A</hiero> ||style="width: 3em;" | <hiero>t:H8</hiero>
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| '''Champollion's reading''' || K || L || E || O || P || A || T || R || A || Feminine ending
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