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* '''‘Wavy’ [[Nanowires]] and Nanoribbons''': The spontaneous formation of wavy patterns of aligned [[buckles]] that is caused by the deposition of a thin gold film on the surface of the [[elastomer]] [[PDMS]] was first described by the group of George Whitesides at Harvard University in 2000.<ref>Huck, Wilhelm T. S., et al. "Ordering of Spontaneously Formed Buckles on Planar Surfaces." Langmuir, vol. 16, no. 7, 2000, pp. 3497-3501.</ref> The gold was deposited on warmed PDMS (100 °C), and, upon cooling and the associated thermal [[shrinkage]] of the elastomer, the gold film comes under compressive stress which is relieved by creating [[buckles]]. In subsequent years, the group of John Rogers at the University of Urbana Champaign (now at Northwestern University) has developed the technology to bond very thin silicon ribbons to a pre-stretched [[PDMS]] membrane. Upon relaxation of the per-stretch, the compressive [[mechanical stress]] in the [[silicon]] ribbons is relieved by creating wavy buckles in the PDMS. As silicon is a brittle material, the ribbons need to very thin (about 100nm) to stay intact during buckling.<ref>Kim, Dae-Hyeong, and John A. Rogers. "Stretchable Electronics: Materials Strategies and Devices." Advanced Materials, vol. 20, no. 24, 2008, pp. 4887-4892.</ref>
* '''Liquid Metals''': A [[metal]] or [[alloy]] that is liquid at room temperature can be enclosed in [[PDMS]] and used as a stretchable [[conductor]]. [[Mercury (element)|Mercury]] is the only pure metal that is liquid at room temperature but has limited application due to its [[neurotoxicity]]. Cesium melts at 28.5°C, but reacts violently when exposed to air and is therefore not suitable for this application. Most researchers therefore use an [[eutectic]] mixture of Indium and Gallium, so called EGaIn, which has a melting point is 15.7°C and consists of 75.5% Gallium and 24.5% Indium. A eutectic mixture of Ga (68.5%), In (21.5%) and Sn (10.0%), also known as [[Galinstan]], is another popular choice and has a melting point of 10.5°C.
* '''Microcracked gold thin film''': When a thin gold film is deposited on [[PDMS]] under certain conditions<ref>Stretchable and Foldable Silicon Integrated Circuits." ACS Publications, American Chemical Society, pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/am1002537. Accessed 10 Nov. 2024.</ref>, the gold film adopts a microcracked morphology<ref>Lacour, Stéphanie P., et al. "Mechanisms of Reversible Stretchability of Thin Metal Films on Elastomeric Substrates." Applied Physics Letters, vol. 88, no. 20, 2006, p. 204103. </ref> which makes the gold stretchable. The maximum [[Strain (mechanics)|strain]] of the film decreases with the length and increases with the width of the conductor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Graudejus
==='''Structural Design'''===
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