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Although there is no record of Einstein responding to Born and Heisenberg during the technical sessions of the Fifth Solvay Congress, he did challenge the completeness of quantum mechanics at various times. In his tribute article for Born's retirement he discussed the quantum representation of a macroscopic ball bouncing elastically between rigid barriers. He argues that such a quantum representation does not represent a specific ball, but "time ensemble of systems". As such the representation is correct, but incomplete because it does not represent the real individual macroscopic case.<ref>{{Cite arXiv |last=Einstein |first=Albert |title=Elementary Considerations on the Interpretation of the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics |date=2011 |class=physics.hist-ph |eprint=1107.3701 |quote=This paper, whose original title was “Elementare Uberlegungen zur Interpretation ¨ der Grundlagen der Quanten-Mechanik”, has been translated from the German by Dileep Karanth, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, USA}}</ref> Einstein considered quantum mechanics incomplete "because the state function, in general, does not even describe the individual event/system".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ballentine |first=L. E. |date=1972-12-01 |title=Einstein's Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics |url=https://pubs.aip.org/ajp/article/40/12/1763/527506/Einstein-s-Interpretation-of-Quantum-Mechanics |journal=American Journal of Physics |language=en |volume=40 |issue=12 |pages=1763–1771 |doi=10.1119/1.1987060 |bibcode=1972AmJPh..40.1763B |issn=0002-9505|doi-access=free }}</ref>
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In a [[Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics|1932 textbook]] [[John von Neumann]] had presented a proof that there could be no "hidden parameters", but the validity of von Neumann's proof was questioned by [[Grete Hermann]]<ref>Hermann, G.: Die naturphilosophischen Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik (Auszug). Abhandlungen
der Fries’schen Schule 6, 75–152 (1935). English translation: Chapter 15 of “Grete Hermann —
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