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== Evolutionary disadvantages ==
[[File:Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg|thumb|Brood parasites, such as the [[European cuckoo|cuckoo]], provide a supernormal stimulus to the parenting species, in this case a [[common reed warbler]].]]
Fixed action patterns are predictable, as they are invariable, and therefore can lead to exploitation.{{fact|date=November 2024}} Some species have evolved to exploit the fixed action patterns of other species by [[mimicry]] of their sign stimuli.<ref name=":132"/> Replicating the releaser required to trigger a fixed action pattern is known as ''code-breaking''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-ecology-of-avian-brood-parasitism-14724491/|title=The Ecology of Avian Brood Parasitism {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable|website=www.nature.com|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref> A well-known example of this is [[brood parasitism]], where one species will lay its eggs in the nest of another species, which will then parent its young.<ref name=":132"/> A young [[North American cowbird]], for example, provides a supernormal stimulus to its foster parent, which will cause it to forage rapidly to satisfy the larger bird's demands.<ref name=":5">Wickler, W. (1968) ''Mimicry in Plants and Animals.'' World University Library, London.</ref> A nestling will provide higher levels of stimulus with noisier, more energetic behavior, communicating its urgent need for food.<ref name=":5" /> Parents in this situation have to work harder to provide food, otherwise their own offspring are likely to die of [[starvation]].<ref name=":5" />
=== Brood parasitism ===
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