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An '''image sensor''' or '''imager''' is a [[sensor]] that detects and conveys information used to form an [[image]]. It does so by converting the variable [[attenuation]] of light [[wave]]s (as they [[refraction|pass through]] or [[reflection (physics)|reflect off]] objects) into [[signal (electrical engineering)|signals]], small bursts of [[electric current|current]] that convey the information. The waves can be light or other [[electromagnetic radiation]]. Image sensors are used in [[electronics|electronic]] imaging devices of both [[analogue electronics|analog]] and [[digital electronics|digital]] types, which include [[digital camera]]s, [[camera module]]s, [[camera phones]], [[optical mouse]] devices,<ref name="VLSI Systems and Computations">{{cite book | chapter = The Optical Mouse, and an Architectural Methodology for Smart Digital Sensors | title = VLSI Systems and Computations | pages = 1–19 | last1=Lyon | first1=Richard F. | author1-link=Richard F. Lyon |editor1=H. T. Kung |editor2=Robert F. Sproull |editor3=Guy L. Steele | publisher=Computer Science Press |date=August 1981 | doi=10.1007/978-3-642-68402-9_1 | chapter-url=http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/xerox/parc/techReports/VLSI-81-1_The_Optical_Mouse.pdf| isbn = 978-3-642-68404-3 | s2cid = 60722329 }}</ref><ref name="Springer">{{cite book |last1=Lyon |first1=Richard F. |author1-link=Richard F. Lyon |chapter=The Optical Mouse: Early Biomimetic Embedded Vision |title=Advances in Embedded Computer Vision |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319093871 |pages=3–22 (3) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_GbBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Brain |first1=Marshall |last2=Carmack |first2=Carmen |title=How Computer Mice Work |url=https://computer.howstuffworks.com/mouse4.htm |website=[[HowStuffWorks]] |access-date=9 October 2019 |date=24 April 2000}}</ref> [[medical imaging]] equipment, [[night vision]] equipment such as [[thermography|thermal imaging]] devices, [[radar]], [[sonar]], and others. As [[technological change|technology changes]], electronic and [[digital imaging]] tends to replace chemical and analog imaging.
The two main types of electronic image sensors are the [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD) and the [[active-pixel sensor]] ([[CMOS]] sensor). Both CCD and CMOS sensors<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between CCD sensor and CMOS sensor night vision |url=https://www.sinoseen.com/what-is-the-difference-between-ccd-sensor-and-cmos-sensor-night-vision |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=www.sinoseen.com}}</ref> are based on [[metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (MOS) technology, with CCDs based on [[MOS capacitor]]s and CMOS sensors based on [[MOSFET]] (MOS field-effect transistor) [[amplifiers]]. Analog sensors for invisible radiation tend to involve [[vacuum tube]]s of various kinds, while digital sensors include [[flat-panel detector]]s.
==CCD vs. CMOS sensors==
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