Open access: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 02:02, 21 November 2024

Revision as of 17:07, 24 November 2024

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The main focus of the open access movement has been on "[[peer review]]ed research literature", and more specifically on [[academic journal]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Swan |first=Alma |date=2012 |title=Policy guidelines for the development and promotion of open access |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000215863 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414001646/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000215863 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |access-date=14 April 2019 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> This is because:

1) suchSuch publications [[academic journal publishing reform|have been]] a subject of [[serials crisis]], unlike [[newspapers]], [[magazines]] and [[fiction writing]]. The main difference between these two groups is in [[demand elasticity]]: whereas an English literature curriculum can substitute ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' with a free-___domain alternative, such as ''[[Gulliver's Travels|A Voyage to Lilliput]],'' an [[emergency room]] [[physician]] treating a patient for a life-threatening [[urushiol]] poisoning cannot substitute the most recent, but [[paywalled]] review article on this topic<ref>Diedrich V, Zweerink K, Elder B. Plant Dermatitis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2024;42(3):613-38 doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2024.03.001; https://www.emed.theclinics.com/article/S0733-8627(24)00041-5/abstract</ref> with a 90 year-old copyright-expired article<ref>Hill GA, Mattacotti V. The Toxic Principle of the Poison Ivy. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1934;56(12):2736-8 doi: 10.1021/ja01327a064; https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja01327a064</ref> that was published before the invention of [[prednisone]] in 1954.

2) theThe authors of research papers are not paid in any way, so they do not suffer any monetary losses, when they switch from [[Serials_crisis#Big_deal|behind paywall]] to open access publishing, especially, if they use [[diamond open access]] media.

3) theThe cost of [[electronic publishing]], which has been the main form of distribution of [[academic journals|journal articles]] since ca. 2000, is incommensurably smaller, than the cost of on-paper publishing and distribution, which is still preferred by many [[fiction literature]] readers.

Whereas non-open access journals cover publishing costs through [[Subscription business model|access tolls]] such as subscriptions, site licenses or [[pay-per-view]] charges, open-access journals are characterisedcharacterized by funding models which do not require the reader to pay to read the journal's contents, relying instead on [[author fees]] or on public funding, subsidies and sponsorships. Open access can be applied to all forms of published research output, including [[peer-reviewed]] and non -peer-reviewed [[academic journal]] articles, [[conference papers]], [[theses]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schöpfel |first1=Joachim |last2=Prost |first2=Hélène |year=2013 |title=Degrees of secrecy in an open environment. The case of electronic theses and dissertations |url=http://www.essachess.com/index.php/jcs/article/view/214 |url-status=live |journal=ESSACHESS – Journal for Communication Studies |volume=6 |issue=2(12) |pages=65–86 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101042356/http://www.essachess.com/index.php/jcs/article/view/214 |archive-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> book chapters,<ref name="suber overview" /> [[monograph]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schwartz |first=Meredith |year=2012 |title=Directory of Open Access Books Goes Live |url=http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2012/04/academic-libraries/directory-of-open-access-books-goes-live/ |url-status=live |journal=Library Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231707/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2012/04/academic-libraries/directory-of-open-access-books-goes-live/ |archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> [[research report]]s and images.<ref name="esatc">{{Cite news |date=July 2014 |title=Terms and conditions for the use and redistribution of Sentinel data|publisher=European Space Agency |issue=version 1.0 |url=https://scihub.copernicus.eu/twiki/pub/SciHubWebPortal/TermsConditions/TC_Sentinel_Data_31072014.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208083453/https://scihub.copernicus.eu/twiki/pub/SciHubWebPortal/TermsConditions/TC_Sentinel_Data_31072014.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>

== Definitions ==

There are different models of open access publishing and publishers may use one or more of these models.

=== ColourColor naming system ===

Different open access types are currently commonly described using a colourcolor system. The most commonly recognisedrecognized names are "green", "gold", and "hybrid" open access; however, several other models and alternative terms are also used.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Simard |first1=Marc-André |last2=Ghiasi |first2=Gita |last3=Mongeon |first3=Philippe |last4=Larivière |first4=Vincent |date=2022-08-09 |editor-last=Baccini |editor-first=Alberto |title=National differences in dissemination and use of open access literature |journal=[[PLOS One]] |language=en |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=e0272730 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0272730 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=9362937 |pmid=35943972|bibcode=2022PLoSO..1772730S }}</ref>

==== Gold OA ====

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| caption2 = Number of gold and hybrid open access journals listed in [[PubMed Central]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=PMC full journal list download |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/#csvfile |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307203024/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/#csvfile |archive-date=7 March 2019 |access-date=10 March 2019 |website=National Center for Biotechnology Information}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NLM Catalog |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/advanced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114073305/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/advanced |archive-date=14 January 2019 |access-date=10 March 2019 |website=National Center for Biotechnology Information}}</ref>

}}In the gold OA model, the publisher makes all articles and related content available for free immediately on the journal's website. In such publications, articles are licensed for sharing and reuse via [[Creative Commons]] licenses or similar.<ref name="suber overview" />

Many gold OA publishers charge an [[article processing charge]] (APC), which is typically paid through institutional or grant funding. The majority of gold open access journals charging APCs follow an "author-pays" model,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schroter |first1=Sara |last2=Tite |first2=Leanne |date=2006 |title=Open access publishing and author-pays business models: a survey of authors' knowledge and perceptions |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=141–148 |doi=10.1177/014107680609900316 |pmc=1383760 |pmid=16508053}}</ref> although this is not an intrinsic property of gold OA.<ref name="Eve pp. 1–42">{{cite book | last=Eve | first=Martin Paul | title= Open Access and the Humanities| chapter=Introduction, or why open access? | date=3 December 2023 | publisher=Cambridge Core | doi=10.1017/CBO9781316161012.003 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/open-access-and-the-humanities/introduction-or-why-open-access/31C49315B15F3366C9D3ECEFF72F15D6 | access-date=2020-12-30 | pages=1–42| isbn=9781107097896 }}</ref>

although this is not an intrinsic property of gold OA.<ref name="Eve pp. 1–42">{{cite book | last=Eve | first=Martin Paul | title= Open Access and the Humanities| chapter=Introduction, or why open access? | date=3 December 2023 | publisher=Cambridge Core | doi=10.1017/CBO9781316161012.003 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/open-access-and-the-humanities/introduction-or-why-open-access/31C49315B15F3366C9D3ECEFF72F15D6 | access-date=2020-12-30 | pages=1–42| isbn=9781107097896 }}</ref>

==== Green OA ====

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Green OA is free of charge for the author. Some publishers (less than 5% and decreasing as of 2014) may charge a fee for an additional service<ref name=Gadd/> such as a [[free license]] on the publisher-authored copyrightable portions of the printed version of an article.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Roger |title=Subject Guides: Copyright: Keeping Control of Your Copyright |url=https://libguides.mst.edu/c.php?g=395171&p=2699951 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=libguides.mst.edu |language=en}}</ref>

If the author posts the near-final version of their work after peer review by a journal, the archived version is called a "[[postprintPostprint]]". This can be the accepted manuscript as returned by the journal to the author after successful peer review.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bolick |first=Josh |year=2018 |title=Leveraging Elsevier's Creative Commons License Requirement to Undermine Embargoes |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1089&context=scholcom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422180024/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1089&context=scholcom |archive-date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=digitalcommons.unl.edu |format=PDF |via=[[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]]}}</ref>

==== Hybrid OA ====

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{{anchor|Free access}}Gratis open access ({{free access}}) refers to free online access, to read, free of charge, without re-use rights.<ref name="Gratis and Libre Open Access" />

{{anchor|Open access}}Libre open access ({{open access}}) also refers to free online access, to read, free of charge, plus some additional re-use rights,<ref name="Gratis and Libre Open Access" /> covering the kinds of open access defined in the [[Budapest Open Access Initiative]], the [[Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing]] and the [[Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities]]. The re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific [[Creative Commons license]]s;<ref name="Suber 2012 68–69">{{harvnb|Suber|2012|pp=68–69}}</ref> all of which require as a minimum [[Attribution (copyright)|attribution of authorship]] to the original authors.<ref name="Gratis and Libre Open Access" /><ref name="Suber statements">{{harvnb|Suber|2012|pp=7–8}}</ref> In 2012, the number of works under libre open access was considered to have been rapidly increasing for a few years, though most [[open-access mandate]]s did not enforce any copyright license and it was difficult to publish libre gold OA in legacy journals.<ref name=":0" /> However, there are no costs nor restrictions for green libre OA as preprints can be freely self-deposited with a free license, and most open-access repositories use [[Creative Commons]] licenses to allow reuse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Balaji |first1=B. |last2=Dhanamjaya |first2=M. |date=2019 |title=Preprints in Scholarly Communication: Re-Imagining Metrics and Infrastructures |journal=Publications |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=6 |doi=10.3390/publications7010006 |doi-access=free}}></ref> The biggest drawback of many Open Access licenses is a prohibition on [[data mining]]. For this reason, many [[big data]] studies of various technologies performed by [[economists]] ( as well as [[machine learning]] by [[computer scientists]]) are limited to [[patent analysis]], since the patent documents are not subject to copyright at all.

=== FAIR ===

{{Main|FAIR data}}

[[FAIR data|FAIR]] is an acronym for 'findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable', intended to more clearly define what is meant by the term 'open access' and make the concept easier to discuss.<ref name="FAIR principles 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Mark D. |last2=Dumontier |first2=Michel |last3=Aalbersberg |first3=IJsbrand Jan |last4=Appleton |first4=Gabrielle |last5=Axton |first5=Myles |last6=Baak |first6=Arie |last7=Blomberg |first7=Niklas |last8=Boiten |first8=Jan-Willem |last9=da Silva Santos |first9=Luiz Bonino |last10=Bourne |first10=Philip E. |last11=Bouwman |first11=Jildau |display-authors=4 |date=15 March 2016 |title=The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship |journal=Scientific Data |volume=3 |pages=160018 |bibcode=2016NatSD...360018W |doi=10.1038/sdata.2016.18 |oclc=961158301 |pmc=4792175 |pmid=26978244 |last12=Brookes |first12=Anthony J. |last13=Clark |first13=Tim |last14=Crosas |first14=Mercè |last15=Dillo |first15=Ingrid |last16=Dumon |first16=Olivier |last17=Edmunds |first17=Scott |last18=Evelo |first18=Chris T. |last19=Finkers |first19=Richard |last20=Gonzalez-Beltran |first20=Alejandra |last21=Gray |first21=Alasdair J.G. |last22=Groth |first22=Paul |last23=Goble |first23=Carole |last24=Grethe |first24=Jeffrey S. |last25=Heringa |first25=Jaap |last26='t Hoen |first26=Peter A.C |last27=Hooft |first27=Rob |last28=Kuhn |first28=Tobias |last29=Kok |first29=Ruben |last30=Kok |first30=Joost |last31=Lusher |first31=Scott J. |last32=Martone |first32=Maryann E. |last33=Mons |first33=Albert |last34=Packer |first34=Abel L. |last35=Persson |first35=Bengt |last36=Rocca-Serra |first36=Philippe |last37=Roos |first37=Marco |last38=van Schaik |first38=Rene |last39=Sansone |first39=Susanna-Assunta |last40=Schultes |first40=Erik |last41=Sengstag |first41=Thierry |last42=Slater |first42=Ted |last43=Strawn |first43=George |last44=Swertz |first44=Morris A. |last45=Thompson |first45=Mark |last46=van der Lei |first46=Johan |last47=van Mulligen |first47=Erik |last48=Velterop |first48=Jan |last49=Waagmeester |first49=Andra |last50=Wittenburg |first50=Peter |last51=Wolstencroft |first51=Katherine |last52=Zhao |first52=Jun |last53=Mons |first53=Barend|issue=1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Mark D. |last2=da Silva Santos |first2=Luiz Olavo Bonino |last3=Dumontier |first3=Michel |last4=Velterop |first4=Jan |last5=Neylon |first5=Cameron |last6=Mons |first6=Barend |date=1 January 2017 |title=Cloudy, increasingly FAIR; revisiting the FAIR Data guiding principles for the European Open Science Cloud |journal=Information Services & Use |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.3233/ISU-170824 |issn=0167-5265 |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11937/53669|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Initially proposed in March 2016, it has subsequently been endorsed by organisationsorganizations such as the [[European Commission]] and the [[G20]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2016 |title=European Commission embraces the FAIR principles |url=https://www.dtls.nl/2016/04/20/european-commission-allocates-e2-billion-to-make-research-data-fair/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720134337/https://www.dtls.nl/2016/04/20/european-commission-allocates-e2-billion-to-make-research-data-fair/ |archive-date=20 July 2018 |access-date=31 July 2019 |website=Dutch Techcentre for Life Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=G20 Leaders' Communique Hangzhou Summit |url=https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-16-2967_en.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731041057/https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-16-2967_en.htm |archive-date=31 July 2019 |access-date=31 July 2019 |website=europa.eu}}</ref>

== Features ==