Java War (1741–1743): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 03:16, 30 November 2024

Revision as of 03:20, 30 November 2024

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| map_caption =

| map_label =

| territory =

| territory = [[Pakubuwono II]] "ceded" the [[Pasisir|northern coast of Java]], [[Madura]], and [[Eastern salient of Java|eastern Java]] to the [[Dutch East Indies Company|Dutch]]{{efn|group=infobox| although it did not control the region in the first place}}{{sfn|Ricklefs|2008|p=116}}

| result = Dutch Victory

| combatant1 = Joint army of Chinese and Javanese

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The '''Java War''' <!--(also called the '''China War'''<ref name="Laffan2011">{{cite book|author=Michael Laffan|title=The Makings of Indonesian Islam: Orientalism and the Narration of a Sufi Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=euR7-YfMyS4C&pg=PA24|date=8 August 2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1-4008-3999-8|page=24}}</ref> or '''Chinese War''')--> of 1741 to 1743 was an armed struggle by a joint [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]] and [[Javanese people|Javanese]] army against the [[Dutch East India Company]] and pro-Dutch Javanese that took place in central and eastern [[Java]]. Ending in victory for the Dutch, the war [[Third Javanese War of Succession|led to the fall]] of the [[Sultanate of Mataram]] and, indirectly, the founding of both the [[Sunanate of Surakarta]] and the [[Sultanate of Yogyakarta]].

AfterFollowing years of growing anti-Chinese sentiment, Dutch forces [[1740 Batavia massacre|massacred]] 10,000 [[Chinese Indonesians|ethnic Chinese]] in [[Jakarta|Batavia]] (now Jakarta) in October 1740. A group of survivors led by [[Khe Pandjang]] fled across the Sundra Strait, eventually heading east for Semarang on the island of Java. Despite being warned of the impending uprising, the head of the [[Dutch East India Company]]'s military, Bartholomeus Visscher, ignored his advisers and did not prepare reinforcements. As the situation developed, the court of {{nowrap|[[Pakubuwono II]]}}, Sunan of Mataram, decided to tentatively support the Chinese while seemingly helping the Dutch.

After the first casualties on 1 February 1741 in [[Pati Regency|Pati]], Chinese insurgents spread through central Java, joining forces with the Javanese while staging sham battles to convince the Dutch that the Javanese were supporting them. As the deception became increasingly obvious and the Chinese drew closer to Semarang, Visscher became mentally unstable. After capturing [[Rembang]], Tanjung, and [[Jepara]], the joint Chinese and Javanese army besieged Semarang in June 1741. Prince [[Cakraningrat IV]] of [[Madura]] offered his alliance, and worked from Madura westward, killing any Chinese he and his troops could find and quashing the rebellion in eastern Java.

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== Aftermath ==

Although {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}} was reinstated by the Dutch, in early 1743 he was forced to sign a treaty.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=161}} Aside from moving his palace to nearby [[Surakarta|Solo]], {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}} surrendered two of the Javanese leaders.{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=245}} As part of the conditions of the treaty, {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}} also surrendered the northern coast of Java, Madura, and eastern Java to the Dutch; the treaty also obligated him to pay {{convert|8,600 metric tons|t}} of rice in tribute every year and forbade the Javanese from sailing outside of Java, Madura, and [[Bali]].{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=161}} {{sfn|Hall|1981|p=358}} {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}} died in 1749, an unpopular leader whose claim to the throne had only been held through the protection of the Dutch.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|p=282}} Further disagreements between the court ministers and leaders after {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}}'s death led to the division of Mataram into two kingdoms, the [[Sunanate of Surakarta]] located in Solo under {{nowrap|[[Pakubuwono III]]}} and the [[Sultanate of Yogyakarta]] in [[Yogyakarta|the city of the same name]] under [[Hamengkubuwana I|Mangkubumi]].{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|p=282}}

Prince {{nowrap|Cakraningrat IV}} did not receive the land or powers promised, instead being isolated to Madura.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=161}} Unwilling to accept what he saw as Dutch betrayal, he joined another rebellion in 1745; after his son surrendered to the Dutch, {{nowrap|Cakraningrat IV}} escaped to [[Banjarmasin]] in [[Borneo]] but was captured and exiled to the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in 1746.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|pp=161–162}}