Java War (1741–1743): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 03:21, 30 November 2024

Revision as of 03:22, 30 November 2024

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{{Short description|Armed struggle against Dutch colonialism}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=MarchNovember 20212024}}

{{Use BritishOxford Englishspelling|date=MayNovember 20122024}}

{{good article}}

{{For|a war led by Prince Diponegoro|Java War}}

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When the Chinese forces, numbering up to 1,000 and threatening to cut supply lines to Semarang, arrived in Tanjung in April 1741, Visscher told the regent to deal with them; however, the regent's forces stalled, refusing to move until they received a tribute of high quality rice.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=137}}{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|p=271}} After Yonko sent the rice, the regent's men went to Tanjung, stood with the rebels outside of their range, then fired and left.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=137}} The rebels soon occupied a sugar mill there.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=139}} In Grobogan, Mertopuro, armed with weapons from the Dutch military command, staged an attack on the Chinese rebels, in which the Javanese troops opened fire on the Chinese before the Dutch came.{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=239}} Once the Dutch arrived, Mertopuro showed bullet wounds in horses—inflicted by his own men—as proof that he had fought.{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=239}}

To deal with the increasing pressure being put on by the Chinese, Visscher sent orders to company strongholds throughout the north coast to hire as many native, non-Javanese, mercenaries as could be found;{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|p=241}} he also ordered the regents of Pati, [[Jepara Regency|Jepara]], Kudus, and Cekalsewu, then in Semarang for a military meeting, to send troops to cut off the insurgents' escape.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=139}} The regents, loyal to {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}}, sent 540 troops to Tanjung, then secretly left for Kartosuro.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=139}} However, when the troops arrived they feinted an attack, then pulled back to Semarang.{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=240}} When Visscher realisedrealized that the regents had disappeared, {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}} told him that he would send them back with a further 6,000 soldiers, requesting that Visscher secure compensation from the company headquarters in Batavia.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=140}}

News soon spread of thousands of Chinese joining forces with Javanese soldiers in Grobogan, outside of Semarang.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=140}} On 1 May, Visscher was accosted by Captain Rudolph Carel von Glan, a unit leader, asking why Visscher had done nothing to deal with the uprising.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=140}} Visscher heatedly replied that it was not Glan's business.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=140}} The following day, after being questioned by prosecutor Jeronimus Tonnemans Jr., Yonko, and Anko, Visscher became increasingly angry, breaking a table in half and yelling at his Chinese advisers.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=141}} When Yonko disappeared after the meeting, Anko told Visscher that he had joined the rebelling Chinese.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=141}} This caused Visscher, who had heavily invested in Yonko and had left a large amount of money with him, to take out his carriage and scream to the residents of Semarang to escape while it was still possible. This continued until he crashed into the city walls.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=141}} The residents ran away from Semarang in a panic, leaving eight loaded cannons outside the city walls.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=141}}

The following day, Visscher surrendered control of the military to Glan.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=141}} Not long afterwards, news reached him that Yonko had not joined the insurgents but had been robbed, spending the night at his son's grave in Peterongan in depression.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=141}} This revitalisedrevitalized Visscher, who retook command of the military on 4 May and ordered everyone to return to their homes.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=142}} Several days afterwards, four regents – Suradiningrat from [[Tuban Regency|Tuban]], Martapura from Grobogan, Suradimenggala from Kaliwungu, and Awangga from [[Kendal Regency|Kendal]] – arrived at Semarang, reporting that the 6,000 promised troops were on their way.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=142}}

Despite being advised that he would be in danger if he went against the company, on 11 May {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}} requested that all coastal regents pledge their allegiance to him.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=143}} He did the same for the members of his court on 13 May.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=143}} However, several leaders, including second in line to the throne Prince Ngabehi Loringpasar, {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}}'s elder brother Prince Tepasana, and his mother Queen Amangkurat, were against a revolution; Captain Johannes van Velsen, Dutch [[Resident (title)|resident]] in Kartasura, reported to Visscher that the Sunan had been persuaded against rebelling.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=144}} However, {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}} became increasingly certain that he would join forces with the Chinese.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=144}}