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[[Image:IRobot Create team.jpg|thumb|right|A team of [[iRobot Create]] [[robot]]s at the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]]]]
{{Multi-agent system}}
'''Swarm robotics''' is the study of how to design independent systems of robots without centralized control. The emerging [[Swarm behaviour|swarming behavior]] of robotic swarms is created through the interactions between individual robots and the environment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Dorigo |first1=Marco |last2=Birattari |first2=Mauro |last3=Brambill |first3=Manuele |date=2014 |title=Swarm Robotics |journal=Scholarpedia |language=en-UK |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=1463 |bibcode=2014SchpJ...9.1463D |doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.1463 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This idea emerged on the field of [[artificial swarm intelligence]], as well as the studies of insects, ants and other fields in nature, where [[Swarm behaviour|swarm behavior]] occurs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nguyen |first=Luong Vuong |date=2024-12 |title=Swarm Intelligence-Based Multi-Robotics: A Comprehensive Review |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9909/4/4/64 |journal=AppliedMath |language=en |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=1192–1210 |doi=10.3390/appliedmath4040064 |issn=2673-9909}}</ref>
Relatively simple individual rules can produce a large set of complex [[Swarm behaviour|swarm behaviors]]. A key component is the communication between the members of the group that build a system of constant feedback. The swarm behavior involves constant change of individuals in cooperation with others, as well as the behavior of the whole group.
== Key Attributes of Robotic Swarms ==
The design of swarm robotics systems is guided by swarm intelligence principles, which promote fault tolerance, scalability, and flexibility.<ref name=":0"
# Robots are autonomous.
# Robots can interact with the surroundings and give feedback to modify the environment.
# Robots possess local perceiving and communicating capabilities, such as [[wireless]] transmission systems, like [[radio frequency]] or [[infrared]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Architectures and Control of Networked Robotic Systems |date=2013-05-29 |work=Handbook of Collective Robotics |pages=105–128 |editor-last=Kernbach |editor-first=Serge |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9789814364119/chapters/10.1201/b14908-6 |access-date=2024-12-04 |edition=0 |publisher=Jenny Stanford Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1201/b14908-6 |isbn=978-0-429-06759-4}}</ref>
# Robots do not exploit centralized swarm control or global knowledge.
# Robots cooperate with each other to accomplish the given task.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brambilla |first=Manuele |last2=Ferrante |first2=Eliseo |last3=Birattari |first3=Mauro |last4=Dorigo |first4=Marco |date=2013-03 |title=Swarm robotics: a review from the swarm engineering perspective |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11721-012-0075-2 |journal=Swarm Intelligence |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–41 |doi=10.1007/s11721-012-0075-2 |issn=1935-3812}}</ref>
</blockquote>Miniaturization is also key factor in swarm robotics, as the effect of thousands of small robots can maximize the effect of the swarm-intelligent approach to achieve meaningful behavior at swarm-level through a greater number of interactions on an individual level.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dorigo |first=Marco |last2=Theraulaz |first2=Guy |last3=Trianni |first3=Vito |date=2021-07 |title=Swarm Robotics: Past, Present, and Future [Point of View] |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9460560/ |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=109 |issue=7 |pages=1152–1165 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2021.3072740 |issn=0018-9219}}</ref>
Compared with individual robots, a swarm can commonly decompose its given missions to their subtasks;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Junyan |last2=Bhowmick |first2=Parijat |last3=Lanzon |first3=Alexander |date=2020-11-10 |title=Two‐layer distributed formation‐containment control strategy for linear swarm systems: Algorithm and experiments |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rnc.5105 |journal=International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control |language=en |volume=30 |issue=16 |pages=6433–6453 |doi=10.1002/rnc.5105 |issn=1049-8923}}</ref> a swarm is more robust to partial failure and is more flexible with regard to different missions.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Autonomous mobile robots and multi-robot systems: motion-planning, communication and swarming |date=2020 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc |isbn=978-1-119-21286-7 |editor-last=Kagan |editor-first=Eugene |edition=First edition |___location=Hoboken, NJ}}</ref>
== Applications ==
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