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Since open access publication does not charge readers, there are many financial models used to cover costs by other means.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2009–2012 |title=OA journal business models |url=http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/OA_journal_business_models |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018182443/http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/OA_journal_business_models |archive-date=18 October 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |website=Open Access Directory}}</ref> Open access can be provided by commercial publishers, who may publish open access as well as subscription-based journals, or dedicated open-access publishers such as [[Public Library of Science]] (PLOS) and [[BioMed Central]]. Another source of funding for open access can be institutional subscribers. One example of this is the [[Subscribe to Open]] publishing model introduced by [[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]]; if the subscription revenue goal is met, the given journal's volume is published open access.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Jisc supports Subscribe to Open model |url=https://www.researchinformation.info/news/jisc-supports-subscribe-open-model |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=Jisc}}</ref>
Advantages and disadvantages of open access have generated considerable discussion amongst researchers, academics, librarians, university administrators, funding agencies, government officials, commercial [[publisher]]s, editorial staff and [[learned society|society]] publishers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Markin |first=Pablo |date=25 April 2017 |title=The Sustainability of Open Access Publishing Models Past a Tipping Point |url=http://openscience.com/the-sustainability-of-open-access-publishing-models-past-a-tipping-point/ |access-date=26 April 2017 |website=[[OpenScience]] |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112000414/https://openscience.com/the-sustainability-of-open-access-publishing-models-past-a-tipping-point/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Reactions of existing publishers to open access journal publishing have ranged from moving with enthusiasm to a new open access business model, to experiments with providing as much free or open access as possible, to active lobbying against open access proposals. There are many publishers that started up as open access-only publishers, such as PLOS, [[Hindawi Publishing Corporation]], [[Frontiers Media|Frontiers in...]] journals, [[MDPI]] and BioMed Central.
==== Article processing charges ====
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In developing nations, open access archiving and publishing acquires a unique importance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karlstrøm |first1=Henrik |last2=Aksnes |first2=Dag W |last3=Piro |first3=Fredrik N |title=Benefits of open access to researchers from lower-income countries: A global analysis of reference patterns in 1980–2020 |journal=[[Journal of Information Science]] |date=2024 |doi=10.1177/01655515241245952 |doi-access=free|hdl=11250/3130944 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Scientists, health care professionals, and institutions in developing nations often do not have the capital necessary to access scholarly literature.
Many open access projects involve international collaboration. For example, the [[SciELO]] (Scientific Electronic Library Online),<ref>[http://www.scielo.org/index.php?lang=en Scientific Electronic Library Online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831151907/http://www.scielo.org/index.php?lang=en |date=31 August 2005 }}. SciELO. Retrieved on 3 December 2011.</ref> is a comprehensive approach to full open access journal publishing, involving a number of [[Latin America]]n countries. [[Bioline International]], a [[non-profit organization]] dedicated to helping publishers in developing countries is a collaboration of people in the UK, Canada, and Brazil; the Bioline International Software is used around the world. [[Research Papers in Economics]] (RePEc), is a collaborative effort of over 100 volunteers in 45 countries. The [[Public Knowledge Project]] in Canada developed the [[Open-source software|open-source]] publishing software [[Open Journal Systems]] (OJS), which is now in use around the world, for example by the [[African Journals Online]] group, and one of the most active development groups is Portuguese. This international perspective has resulted in advocacy for the development of [[open-source appropriate technology]] and the necessary open access to relevant information for [[sustainable development]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearce |first=J. M. |year=2012 |title=The case for open source appropriate technology |journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=425–431 |doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 |bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>A. J. Buitenhuis, et al., "[http://nciia.org/sites/default/files/pearce.pdf Open Design-Based Strategies to Enhance Appropriate Technology Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725131916/http://nciia.org/sites/default/files/pearce.pdf |date=25 July 2018 }}", ''Proceedings of the 14th Annual National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance Conference : Open'', 25–27 March 2010, pp.1–12.</ref>
== History ==
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