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SEM analyses are popular in the social sciences because these analytic techniques help us break down complex concepts and understand causal processes, but the complexity of the models can introduce substantial variability in the results depending on the presence or absence of conventional control variables, the sample size, and the variables of interest.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bollen |first=Kenneth A. |title=Eight Myths About Causality and Structural Equation Models |date=2013 |work=Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research |pages=301–328 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6094-3_15 |access-date=2024-12-11 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-94-007-6093-6 |last2=Pearl |first2=Judea}}</ref> The use of experimental designs may address some of these doubts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ng |first=Ted Kheng Siang |last2=Gan |first2=Daniel R.Y. |last3=Mahendran |first3=Rathi |last4=Kua |first4=Ee Heok |last5=Ho |first5=Roger C-M |date=2021-09 |title=Social connectedness as a mediator for horticultural therapy's biological effect on community-dwelling older adults: Secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114191 |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=284 |pages=114191 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114191 |issn=0277-9536}}</ref>
Today, SEM forms the basis of [[machine learning]] and (interpretable) [[Neural network (machine learning)|neural networks]]. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in classical statistics mirror unsupervised and supervised machine learning.
== General steps and considerations ==
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