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===Lisp-based===
* [[Lisp (programming language)|'''Lisp''']] is the second oldest family of [[programming language]]s in use today and as such has [[:Category:Lisp programming language family|many]] [[Dialect (computing)|dialects]] and implementations with a wide range of difficulties. Lisp was originally created as a practical mathematical notation for computer programs, based on [[lambda calculus]], which makes it particularly well suited for teaching theories of computing. As one of the earliest languages, Lisp pioneered many ideas in [[computer science]], including [[tree (data structure)|tree data structure]]s, [[Garbage collection (computer science)|automatic storage management]], [[Type system|dynamic typing]], [[object-oriented programming]] and the [[Self-hosting (compilers)|self-hosting]] [[compiler]], all of which are useful for learning computer science. The name LISP derives from "List Processing language." [[Linked list]]s are one of the languages major [[data structure]]s and Lisp [[source code]] is made of lists. Thus, Lisp programs can manipulate [[source code]] as a data structure, giving rise to the [[Macro (computer science)|macro]] systems that allow programmers to create new syntax or even new [[___domain-specific language]]s embedded in Lisp. Therefore, Lisp can be useful for learning language design.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kenlon|first=Seth|title=Learn the Lisp programming language in 2021 {{!}} Opensource.com|url=https://opensource.com/article/21/5/learn-lisp|access-date=2024-10-14|website=opensource.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What is the Lisp (List Processing) Programming Language? – A Definition from TechTarget.com|url=https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/LISP-list-processing|access-date=2024-10-14|website=WhatIs|language=en}}</ref>
===Logo-based===
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===Smalltalk-based===
As part of the [[One Laptop per Child]] project, a sequence of Smalltalk-based languages has been developed, each designed to act as an introduction to the next. The structure is Scratch to [[Etoys (programming language)|Etoys]] to [[Squeak]] to any [[Smalltalk]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cavallo|first=David|title=Learning Squeak from Scratch|publisher=One Laptop Per Child News|date=May 28, 2007|url=http://www.olpcnews.com/software/applications/learning_squeak_scratch.html|access-date=April 3, 2009}}</ref> Each provides graphical environments that may be used to teach not only programming concepts to kids but also physics and mathematics simulations, story-telling exercises, etc., through the use of [[Constructivism (philosophy of education)|constructive learning]]. Smalltalk and Squeak have fully featured application development languages that have been around and well
* [[Scratch (programming language)|'''Scratch''']] 1.0 is implemented in Smalltalk. See [[#Children|below]] for more information.
* [[Etoys (programming language)|'''Etoys''']] is based on the idea of programmable [[Virtuality|virtual]] entities behaving on the computer screen. Etoys provides a media-rich authoring environment with a simple, powerful scripted object model for many kinds of objects created by end-users. It includes [[2D computer graphics|2D]] and [[3D computer graphics|3D]] [[graphics]], [[image]]s, [[Plain text|text]], particles, presentations, web pages, [[video]]s, sound and [[Musical Instrument Digital Interface|MIDI]] (the ability to share desktops with other Etoys users in [[real-time computing|real-time)]]. Many forms of immersive [[mentorship|mentoring]] and play can be done over the [[Internet]]. It is [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] and has been used successfully in [[United States]], [[Europe]], [[South America]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[India]], [[Nepal]] and elsewhere. The program is aimed at children between the ages of 9-12.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ducasse|first=Stéphane|url=http://smallwiki.unibe.ch/botsinc/|title=Squeak: Learn Programming with Robots (Technology in Action)|publisher=Apress|year=2005|isbn=1-59059-491-6|pages=289 in ch 24: ''A tour or eTOY''}}</ref>
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==Children==
* '''[[AgentSheets]]''' and '''[[AgentCubes]]''' are two computational thinking tools to author 2D/3D games and simulations. Authoring takes place through desktop applications or browser-based apps, and it can create 2D/3D games playable in HTML5 compliant browsers, including mobile ones.
* [[Alice (software)|'''Alice''']] is a free programming software designed to teach event-driven object-oriented programming to children. Programmers create interactive stories using a modern IDE interface with a drag
* '''[[Blockly]]''' is an open-source web-based graphical language where users can drag blocks together to build an application with no typing required. It was developed by [[Google]]. It allows users to convert their Blockly code into other programming languages such as PHP, Python, etc.
* '''[[CiMPLE]]''' was a visual language for programming robotic kit designed for children. It was built on top of [[C (programming language)|C]] as a [[Digital subscriber line|DSL]]. ThinkLabs, an Indian Robotics education-based startup, built it for the iPitara Robotics Kit. The language bore strong resemblance to the C language. At least one school in Bangalore, India bought the iPitara kit and had their students program the robots using CiMPLE.<ref>{{Cite web|last=EducationWorld|date=2012-09-21|title=ThinkLABS RoboLAB|url=https://www.educationworld.in/thinklabs-robolab/|access-date=2024-10-08|website=EducationWorld|language=en-US}}</ref> More information is available at the CiMPLE Original Developers Weblog.<ref>[http://www.uptosomething.in/weblog/?p=531 CiMPLE Original Developers Weblog] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181639/http://www.uptosomething.in/weblog/?p=531|date=July 21, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-09-20|title=ThinkLABS -|url=http://www.thinklabs.in/school/robo-camp.html#tab-3|access-date=2024-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920065922/http://www.thinklabs.in/school/robo-camp.html#tab-3|archive-date=September 20, 2012}}</ref> ThinkLabs eventually switched to using "THiNK VPL" as their visual programming software.
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* '''[[Hackety Hack]]''' is a free [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]-based environment that aims to make learning [[computer programming|programming]] easy for beginners, especially teenagers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hackety Hack|url=https://github.com/hacketyhack|access-date=2024-10-09|website=GitHub|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Karel (programming language)|'''Karel''']], [[Karel++|Karel''++'']], and [[Karel the robot|Karel J. Robot]] are languages aimed at beginners, used to control a simple robot in a city consisting of a rectangular grid of streets. While Karel is its own language, Karel++ is a version of Karel implemented in [[C++]], while Karel J. Robot is a version of Karel implemented in [[Java (programming language)|Java]].
* '''[[Kodu]]''' is a language that is simple and entirely icon based. It was developed by [[Microsoft Research]] as a project to encourage younger children, especially girls, to enjoy technology. Programs are composed of pages, which are divided into rules, which are further divided into conditions and actions. Conditions are evaluated simultaneously. The Kodu language is designed specifically for game development and provides specialized primitives derived from gaming scenarios. Programs are expressed in physical terms, using concepts like vision, hearing, and time to control
* [[Logo (programming language)|'''Logo''']] is an educational language for children designed in 1967 by [[Daniel G. Bobrow]], [[Wally Feurzeig]], [[Seymour Papert]] and [[Cynthia Solomon]]. Today, the language is remembered mainly for its use of "[[turtle graphics]]," in which commands for movement and drawing produce [[turtle graphics|line graphics]] using a small robot called a "[[Turtle (robot)|turtle]]." The language was originally conceived to teach concepts of programming related to [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]] and only later to enable what Papert called ''"[[kinesthetic|body-syntonic]] reasoning"'' where students could understand (and predict and reason about) the turtle's motion by imagining what they would do if they were the turtle.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gA93QOJp0Rs|title=Logo Programming - Turtle Academy Lesson 1|date=2018-01-23|last=HL ModTech|access-date=2024-10-09|via=YouTube}}</ref>
* '''[[Lego Mindstorms]]''' is a line of Lego sets combining programmable bricks with electric motors, sensors, Lego bricks, and [[Lego Technic]] pieces (such as gears, axles, and beams). Mindstorms originated from the programmable sensor blocks used in the line of educational toys. The first retail version of Lego Mindstorms was released in 1998 and marketed commercially as the [[Robotics Invention System]] (RIS). The current version was released in 2006 as '''[[Lego Mindstorms NXT]]'''. A wide [[Lego Mindstorms NXT#Programming|range of programming languages is used]] for the Mindstorms from Logo to BASIC to derivatives of Java, Smalltalk and C. The Mindstorm approach to programming now has dedicated physical sites called [[Computer Clubhouse|'''Computer Clubhouses''']].
* [[Mama (software)|'''Mama''']] is an educational [[object-oriented programming|object oriented]] language designed to help young students start programming by providing all the language elements in the student's language. Mama language is available in several languages, with both LTR and RTL language direction support. A [http://www.eytam.com/mama new variant of Mama] was built atop [[Carnegie Mellon]]'s ''[[Alice (software)|Alice]]'' development environment, supporting scripting of the 3D stage objects. This variant was designed to help young students start programming by building 3D animations and games. A document on educational programming principles explains Mama's design considerations.<ref>[http://en.eytam.com/mama/educational_programming_language Mama educational programming principles]</ref>
* '''[[RoboMind]]''' is a simple educational programming environment that allows beginners to program a robot. It introduces popular programming techniques along with robotics and artificial intelligence. The robot can be programmed in Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, German, English and Swedish.
* [[Scratch (programming language)|'''Scratch''']] is a visual language with the goal of teaching programming concepts to children by allowing them to create projects such as games, videos, and music. It does this by simplifying what we know to be code into function "blocks" that the user can drag and connect, then run by clicking the green flag icon. In Scratch, all the interactive objects, graphics, and sounds can be easily imported to a new program and combined in new ways. That way, beginners can get quick results and be motivated to try further. The Scratch community has developed and uploaded over 1,000,000,000 projects with over 164,000,000 being publicly shared.<ref name="u895">{{cite web|title=Imagine, Program, Share|website=Scratch Statistics|date=2023-05-25|url=https://scratch.mit.edu/statistics/|language=la|access-date=2024-11-17}}</ref> It is developed by the Lifelong Kindergarten<ref>{{Cite web|title=Group Overview ‹ Lifelong Kindergarten|url=https://www.media.mit.edu/groups/lifelong-kindergarten/overview/|access-date=2024-10-08|website=MIT Media Lab}}</ref> group at [[MIT Media Lab]].
* '''[[ScratchJr]]''' is derivative of the Scratch graphical language. It is designed for children with ages around 5-7.
* [[Snap! (programming language)|'''Snap!''']] is a free [[Open-source software|open-source]] blocks-based graphical language implemented in [[JavaScript]] and originally derived from [[MIT]]'s [[Scratch (programming language)|Scratch]]. Snap! adds the ability to create new blocks and has [[first-class functions]] that enables the use of [[anonymous functions]]. It is actively maintained by [[UC Berkeley]]. The [https://github.com/jmoenig/Snap--Build-Your-Own-Blocks source] is entirely hosted on [[GitHub]].
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