Microprocessor: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 04:57, 17 December 2024

Revision as of 05:07, 17 December 2024

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===Speed and power considerations===

[[File:Intel i9-9900K.jpg|thumb|Intel Core i9-9900K (2018, based on [[Coffee Lake]])]]

Microprocessors can be selected for differing applications based on their word size, which is a measure of their complexity. Longer word sizes allow each [[clock cycle]] of a processor to carry out more computation, but correspond to physically larger integrated circuit dies with higher standby and operating [[power consumption]].<ref name="cmicrotek">CMicrotek.

[http://cmicrotek.com/wordpress_159256135/?p=22 "8-bit vs 32-bit Micros"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123158/http://cmicrotek.com/wordpress_159256135/?p=22 |date=2014-07-14 }}.</ref> 4-, 8- or 12-bit processors are widely integrated into microcontrollers operating embedded systems. Where a system is expected to handle larger volumes of data or require a more flexible [[user interface]], 16-, 32- or 64-bit processors are used. An 8- or [[16-bit]] processor may be selected over a 32-bit processor for [[system on a chip]] or microcontroller applications that require extremely [[low-power electronics]], or are part of a [[mixed-signal integrated circuit]] with noise-sensitive on-chip [[analog electronics]] such as high-resolution analog to digital converters, or both.

Some people say that running 32-bit arithmetic on an 8-bit chip could end up using more power, as the chip must execute software with multiple instructions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Managing the Impact of Increasing Microprocessor Power Consumption|url=http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~mobile/elec518/readings/Intel/gunther01power.pdf|website=[[Rice University]]|access-date=October 1, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003085353/http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~mobile/elec518/readings/Intel/gunther01power.pdf|archive-date=October 3, 2015}}</ref>

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quote:

"Basically, by getting your work done faster, you can put the CPU in sleep mode for longer periods of time. Thus, 32-bit MCUs are more power-efficient than 8-bit MCUs, right? Wrong."</ref>

==Embedded applications==

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==History==

{{See also|Microprocessor chronology}}

The advent of low-cost [[computers]] on [[integrated circuits]] has transformed [[modern society]]. General-purpose microprocessors in [[personal computer]]s are used for computation, text editing, [[multimedia|multimedia display]], and communication over the [[Internet]]. Many more microprocessors are part of [[embedded system]]s, providing digital control over myriad objects from appliances to automobiles to [[cellular phone]]s and industrial [[process control]]. Microprocessors perform binary operations based on [[Boolean logic]], named after [[George Boole]]. The ability to operate computer systems using Boolean Logic was first proven in a 1938 thesis by master's student [[Claude Shannon]], who later went on to become a professor. Shannon is considered "The Father of Information Theory". In 1951 [[Microprogramming]] was invented by [[Maurice Wilkes]] at the [[ University of Cambridge]], UK, from the realisation that the central processor could be controlled by a specialised program in a dedicated [[ROM]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Wilkes | first1 = M. V. | title = The Growth of Interest in Microprogramming: A Literature Survey | doi = 10.1145/356551.356553 | journal = ACM Computing Surveys | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 139–145 | year = 1969 | s2cid = 10673679 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Wilkes is also credited with the idea of symbolic labels, macros and subroutine libraries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Maurice Wilkes, The Father Of Computing, Dies |website=Silicon UK |date=3 December 2010 |url=https://www.silicon.co.uk/workspace/sir-maurice-wilkes-the-father-of-computing-dies-aged-97-14967|access-date=28 November 2023}}</ref>

Following the development of [[MOS integrated circuit]] chips in the early 1960s, MOS chips reached higher [[transistor density]] and lower manufacturing costs than [[bipolar junction transistor|bipolar]] [[integrated circuits]] by 1964. MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by [[Moore's law]], leading to [[large-scale integration]] (LSI) with hundreds of [[transistors]] on a single MOS chip by the late 1960s. The application of MOS LSI chips to [[computing]] was the basis for the first microprocessors, as engineers began recognizing that a complete [[computer processor]] could be contained on several MOS LSI chips.<ref name="ieee">{{cite journal|last1=Shirriff|first1=Ken|date=30 August 2016|title=The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-surprising-story-of-the-first-microprocessors|journal=[[IEEE Spectrum]]|publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]|volume=53|issue=9|pages=48–54|doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353|access-date=13 October 2019|s2cid=32003640|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124080014/http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/silicon-revolution/the-surprising-story-of-the-first-microprocessors|archive-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> Designers in the late 1960s were striving to integrate the [[central processing unit]] (CPU) functions of a computer onto a handful of MOS LSI chips, called microprocessor unit (MPU) chipsets.

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[[Multiprocessing]] concepts for multi-core/multi-cpu configurations are related to [[Amdahl's law]].

==Market statistics==