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In 2001, a study of thagomizers by McWhinney et al.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McWhinney |first1=L. A. |last2=Rothschild |first2=B. M. |last3=Carpenter |first3=K.|title=The Armored Dinosaurs|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-253-33964-5|editor=Carpenter, Kenneth|pages=141–56|chapter=Posttraumatic Chronic [[Osteomyelitis]] in ''Stegosaurus'' dermal spikes}}</ref> showed a high incidence of trauma-related damage. This too supports the theory that the principal function of the thagomizer was defense in combat.
There is also evidence for ''Stegosaurus'' defending itself, in the form of an ''[[Allosaurus]]'' tail vertebra with a partially healed puncture wound that fits a ''Stegosaurus'' tail spike.<ref name="CSMW2005">{{cite book|last=Carpenter|first=Kenneth|url=https://archive.org/details/carnivorousdinos00carp|title=The Carnivorous Dinosaurs|author2=Sanders, Frank|author3=McWhinney, Lorrie A.|author4=Wood, Lowell|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-253-34539-4|editor=Carpenter, Kenneth|___location=Bloomington and Indianapolis|page=[https://archive.org/details/carnivorousdinos00carp/page/n330 325]|chapter=Evidence for predator-prey relationships: Examples for ''Allosaurus'' and ''Stegosaurus''|url-access=limited|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> The species of stegosaur known as ''Stegosaurus stenops'' had four dermal spikes, each about {{cvt|60|-|90|cm|ft|0}} long. Discoveries of articulated stegosaur armor show that, at least in some species, these spikes protruded horizontally from the tail, not vertically as is often depicted.<ref name=Carpenter98>{{cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Kenneth |year=1998 |journal=Modern Geology |title=Armor of ''Stegosaurus stenops'', and the taphonomic history of a new specimen from Garden Park, Colorado |volume=23 |pages=127–44}}</ref> Initially, [[Othniel Charles Marsh]] described ''S. armatus'' as having eight spikes in its tail, unlike ''S. stenops''. However, recent research re-examined this and concluded this species also had four.<ref name="Marsh77">{{cite journal|last1=Marsh|first1=O. C|year=1877|title=A new order of extinct Reptilia (Stegosauria) from the Jurassic of the Rocky Mountains|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1450038|journal=American Journal of Science|volume=14|issue=84|pages=513–14|bibcode=1877AmJS...14..513M|doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-14.84.513|s2cid=130078453}}</ref><ref name="8spike">{{cite book|last1=Carpenter |first1=K. |last2=Galton |first2=P. M.|title=The Armored Dinosaurs|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-253-33964-5|editor=Carpenter, Kenneth|pages=76–102|chapter=Othniel Charles Marsh and the Eight-Spiked ''Stegosaurus''}}</ref>
==Mathematics==
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