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Undid revision 1263968993 by Uhoj (talk) "Hymenoptera" is a taxon name and should be capitalized; could use "hymenopteran" as a English word |
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Early authors such as [[V. C. Wynne-Edwards]] and [[Konrad Lorenz]] argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups, speaking for instance of actions for the good of the species. In the 1930s, [[R.A. Fisher]] and [[J.B.S. Haldane]] proposed the concept of [[kin selection]], a form of altruism from the [[gene-centered view of evolution]], arguing that animals should sacrifice for their relatives, and thereby implying that they should not sacrifice for non-relatives. From the mid-1960s, [[evolutionary biologists]] such as [[John Maynard Smith]], [[W. D. Hamilton]], [[George C. Williams (biologist)|George C. Williams]], and [[Richard Dawkins]] argued that [[natural selection]] acted primarily at the level of the gene. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not [[altruism|altruistically]] sacrifice [[fitness (biology)|fitness]] for the sake of a group unless it would ultimately increase the likelihood of an individual passing on their genes. A consensus emerged that group selection did not occur, including in special situations such as the [[haplodiploid]] social insects like [[honeybees]] (in the [[Hymenoptera]]), where kin selection explains the behaviour of non-reproductives equally well, since the only way for them to reproduce their genes is via kin.<ref name="response to Nowak"/>
In 1994 [[David Sloan Wilson]] and [[Elliott Sober]] argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including [[E. O. Wilson]], known for his work on [[social insects]] especially [[ant]]s, again revisited the arguments for group selection.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Nowak |first1=Martin A. |last2=Tarnita |first2=Corina E. |last3=Wilson |first3=Edward O. |date=August 2010 |title=The evolution of eusociality |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=466 |issue=7310 |pages=1057–1062 |doi=10.1038/nature09205 |pmid=20740005 |issn=1476-4687|pmc=3279739 }}</ref> They argued that group selection can occur when competition between two or more groups, some containing altruistic individuals who act cooperatively together, is more important for survival than competition between individuals within each group
==Early developments==
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