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The safety factors for material strength vary depending on the material and the use it is being put to and on the design codes applicable in the country or region.
A more sophisticated approach of modeling structural safety is to rely on [[structural reliability]], in which both loads and resistances are modeled as probabilistic variables.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Melchers, R. E. (2002), "Structural Reliability Analysis and Prediction," 2nd Ed., John Wiley, Chichester, UK.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last1=Piryonesi|first1=Sayed Madeh|last2=Tavakolan|first2=Mehdi|date=9 January 2017|title=A mathematical programming model for solving cost-safety optimization (CSO) problems in the maintenance of structures|journal=KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering|volume=21|issue=6|pages=2226–2234|doi=10.1007/s12205-017-0531-z|bibcode=2017KSJCE..21.2226P |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, using this approach requires detailed modeling of the distribution of loads and resistances. Furthermore, its calculations are more computation intensive.
===Load cases===
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