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{{Short description|American conscription system}}
{{Use American English}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox government agency
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===1917 to 1920===
[[File:King, Stoddard WW1 draft card.jpg|thumb|World War I draft card. Lower left corner to be removed by men of African ancestry in order to keep the [[Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces|military segregated]]]]
Following the U.S. [[United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)|declaration of war]] against Germany on
===1940 to 1947===
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The [[Selective Training and Service Act of 1940]] was passed by [[76th United States Congress|Congress]] on
It originally conscripted all men aged 21 to 35 for a service period of 12 months. In 1941, the military service period was extended to 18 months; later that year the age bracket was increased to include men aged 18 to 37. In 1940, the act had registered 16 million men between the ages of 21-36.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=632}} Following the [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Japanese]] [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] on
The question of drafting Black men caused much controversy as President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] had promised several African-American civil rights leaders in 1940 that the draft would be a color-blind one and in fact the Selective Service Act of 1940 stated "there shall be no discrimination against any person on the account of race or color".{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=634}} However, the U.S. military practiced segregation during the war as Black Americans did not serve alongside men of other races and in practice Black men were only drafted to keep the all Black units of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps and Army Air Force up to strength.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=634}} Furthermore, the military as a general rule preferred to use Black servicemen only in menial roles and as much as possible tried to avoid sending African-Americans into combat out of a belief that Black men were not brave enough.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=634}} As such, the U.S. Army in particular did not form many divisions out of the Black men drafted, which limited the number of African-Americans subject to the draft.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=634}} As a result of these practices, in early 1943 African-Americans made up 10.6% of the American population, but only 6% of the men serving in the military.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=634}}
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The outbreak of the Korean War fostered the creation of the [[Military Selective Service Act|Universal Military Training and Service Act]] of 1951. This lowered the draft age from 19 to {{frac|18|1|2}}, increased active-duty service time from 21 to 24 months, and set the statutory term of military service at a minimum of eight years. Students attending a college or training program full-time could request an exemption, which was extended as long as they were students. A Universal Military Training clause was inserted that would have made all men obligated to perform 12 months of military service and training if the act was amended by later legislation. Despite successive attempts over the next several years, however, such legislation was never passed.
President [[John F. Kennedy]] set up {{Executive Order|11119}} (signed on 10 September
The [[Military Selective Service Act|Military Selective Service Act of 1967]] expanded the ages of conscription to the ages of 18 to 55. It still granted student deferments, but ended them upon either the student's completion of a four-year degree or his 24th birthday, whichever came first.
===1969 to 1975===
On 26 November
In 1971, the [[Military Selective Service Act]] was further amended to make registration compulsory; all men had to register within a period 30 days before and 29 days after their 18th birthdays. Registrants were classified ''1-A'' (eligible for military service), ''1-AO'' ([[conscientious objector]] available for non-combatant military service), and ''1-O'' (conscientious objector available for alternate community service). Student deferments were ended, except for [[Seminary|divinity students]], who received a ''2-D'' Selective Service classification. Men who were not classifiable as eligible for service due to a disqualification were classified ''1-N''. Men who are incapable of serving for medical or psychological unfitness are classified ''4-F''. Upon completion of military service the classification of ''4-A'' was assigned. Draft classifications of ''1-A'' were changed to ''1-H'' (registrant not currently subject to processing for induction) for men not selected for service after the calendar year they were eligible for the draft. (These – and other – draft classifications were in place long before 1971.) Also, draft board membership requirements were reformed: minimum age of board members was dropped from 30 to 18, members over 65 or who had served on the board for 20 or more years had to retire, and membership had to proportionally reflect the ethnic and cultural makeup of the local community.
On 27 January
===1975 to 1980===
On
===1980 to present===
On 2 July
The first registrations after Proclamation 4771 took place at various [[United States Postal Service|post offices]] across the nation on 21 July
A bill to abolish the Selective Service System was introduced in the [[United States House of Representatives]] on 10 February
On 27 April
The House-Senate conference committee for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 removed the provision of the House version of the bill that would have authorized the president to order women as well as men to register with the Selective Service System, but added a new section to create a "[[National Commission on Military, National, and Public Service]]" (NCMNPS). This provision was enacted into law on
In February 2019, a challenge to the Military Selective Service Act, which provides for the male-only draft, by the [[National Coalition for Men]], was deemed unconstitutional by Judge [[Gray H. Miller]] in the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas]]. [[National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System|Miller's opinion]] was based on the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]'s past argument in ''[[Rostker v. Goldberg]]'' (1981) which had found the male-only draft constitutional because the military then did not allow women to serve. As the Department of Defense has since lifted most restrictions on women in the military, Miller ruled that the justifications no longer apply, and thus the act requiring only men to register would now be considered unconstitutional under the [[Equal Protection Clause]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/24/us/military-draft-men-unconstitutional.html |title = Drafting Only Men for the Military Is Unconstitutional, Judge Rules |first = Tyler |last = Pager |date = 24 February 2019 |access-date = 25 February 2019 |work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref> The government appealed this decision to the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Hasbrouck |first1 = Edward |title = Federal court declares current military draft registration requirement unconstitutional |url = https://hasbrouck.org/blog/archives/002337.html |access-date = 31 December 2019 }}</ref> Oral arguments on the appeal were heard on
In December 2019, the bipartisan "Selective Service Repeal Act", a bill to repeal the Military Selective Service Act and abolish the Selective Service System, H.R. 5492, was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives by Representatives [[Peter DeFazio]] (D-OR) and [[Rodney Davis (politician)|Rodney Davis]] (R-IL).<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Hasbrouck |first1 = Edward |title = Bill introduced to end draft registration |url = https://hasbrouck.org/blog/archives/002363.html |access-date = 31 December 2019 }}</ref> This bill was reintroduced in both the House (H.R. 2509) and the Senate (S. 1139) on
In January 2020, the Selective Service System website crashed following the [[Assassination of Qasem Soleimani|U.S. airstrike on Baghdad International Airport]]. An [[Internet meme]] about the event being the beginning of [[World War III]] began [[Reactions to the assassination of Qasem Soleimani|gaining in popularity]] very quickly, causing an influx of visitors to the Selective Service System website, which was not prepared to handle it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/03/politics/military-draft-selective-service-site-crash-trnd/index.html|title=Selective Service System website crashes amid questions and fears of another US military draft|first=Amir |last=Vera|website=CNN|date=3 January 2020 |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/01/the-selective-services-website-crashed-and-not-because-people-are-rushing-to-enlist/|title=The Selective Service's website crashed and not because people are rushing to enlist|last=Weinberg|first=Abigail|website=Mother Jones|language=en-US|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>
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Selective Service bases the registration requirement on gender at birth. According to the SSS, individuals who were born male are required to register regardless of their current gender identity or gender reassignment. This includes [[Trans woman|transgender women]]. People who are born female who have transitioned, or are in the process of transitioning ([[Trans man|transgender men]]), are not required to register. Individuals who identify as [[Non-binary gender|non-binary]] are required to register if they were born male.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who Needs to Register |url=https://www.sss.gov/faq/#who-needs-to-register |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=sss.gov}}</ref> U.S. citizens register for the SSS using their [[Social Security number|Social Security Number]] and the sex designation associated with that number. It is possible to change the sex associated with a Social Security Number (SSN), and the [[Social Security Administration]] (SSA) does not require medical or legal evidence of a sex designation to do so. However, despite some states now allowing an "X" designation on official identification, like birth certificates, the current SSN system is only designed for male or female designations. The SSA is looking into more diverse designation options for the future.<ref>[https://www.ssa.gov/people/lgbtq/gender-identity.html#:~:text=To%20change%20the%20sex%20identification,sometimes%20citizenship%20or%20immigration%20status. Gender Identity | SSA]</ref>
In February 2019, the male-only military draft registry was ruled to be unconstitutional by a federal district judge in ''[[National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/431334-judge-rules-all-male-military-draft-unconstitutional/|title=Judge rules all-male military draft unconstitutional|first=Michael|last=Burke|date=24 February 2019}}</ref> Following the ruling, Selective Service System attorney Jacob Daniels told reporters: "Things continue here at Selective Service as they have in the past, which is men between the ages of 18 and 25 are required to register with Selective Service. And at this time, until we receive guidance from either the court or from Congress, women are not required to register for Selective Service."<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2019/03/01/699514360/despite-ruling-only-men-are-being-required-to-register-for-military-drafts Despite Ruling, Only Men Are Being Required To Register For Military Drafts : NPR<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> On
A congressionally mandated commission recommended in March 2020 that women should be eligible for the draft.<ref>[https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/24/women-draft-eligibility-146254 Women should be eligible for the draft, commission recommends] By LARA SELIGMAN, Politico, 24 March 2020</ref> In September 2021, the House of Representatives passed the [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022]], which included an amendment that stated that "all Americans between the ages of 18 and 25 must register for selective service." This struck off the word "Male" which extended a potential draft to women; however, the amendment was removed before the National Defense Authorization Act was passed.<ref>{{Cite news|title=House passes defense bill with commission to investigate Afghanistan failures, mandate that women register for draft|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/house-defense-authorization-bill/2021/09/23/ef9c05d2-1bc9-11ec-a99a-5fea2b2da34b_story.html|access-date=28 October 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Turner|first=Trish|date=24 July 2021|title=New legislation would require women, like men, to sign up for potential military draft|url=https://abc7chicago.com/10907316/|access-date=28 October 2021|website=ABC7 Chicago|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Behrmann|first=Savannah|date=8 December 2021|title=Lawmakers kill measure that would have required women to register for the Selective Service|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/12/08/lawmakers-kill-provision-requiring-women-register-draft/6433960001/|access-date=22 January 2022|website=USA Today|language=en}}</ref>
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The last prosecution for non-registration was in January 1986. In interviews published in ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' in May 2016, current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988, the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of non-registrants.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1 = Nelson |first1 = Steven |title = Gender-Neutral Draft Registration Would Create Millions of Female Felons: It's unlikely any would face prison, but jailed draft resisters and former officials urge caution. |url = https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-05-03/gender-neutral-draft-registration-would-create-millions-of-female-felons |access-date = 15 May 2016 |magazine = U.S. News & World Report |date = 3 May 2016 }}</ref> No law since 1980 has required anyone to possess, carry, or show a draft card, and routine checks requiring identification virtually never include a request for a draft card.
As an alternative method of encouraging or coercing registration, [[Solomon Amendment]] laws were passed requiring that in order to receive financial aid, federal grants and loans, certain government benefits, eligibility for most federal employment, and (if the person is an immigrant) eligibility for citizenship, a young man had to be registered (or had to have been registered, if they are over 26 but were required to register between 18 and 26) with the Selective Service. Those who were required to register, but failed to do so before they turned 26, are no longer allowed to register, and thus may be permanently barred from federal jobs and other benefits, unless they can show to the Selective Service that their failure was not knowing and willful.<ref name="cannot"/> There is a procedure to provide an "information letter" to the Selective Service for those in these situations, for example recent citizens who entered the U.S. after their 26th birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sss.gov/Status.html |title = SSS Information Letter procedure |publisher = Sss.gov |access-date = 8 April 2011 |archive-date = 1 June 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150601050401/https://www.sss.gov/Status.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> The federal law requiring Selective Service registration as a condition of federal financial aid for higher education was overridden in December 2020, and the questions about Selective Service registration status on the FAFSA form were eliminated on
Most states, as well as the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], and [[United States Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]], have passed laws requiring registration for men 18–25 to be eligible for programs that vary on a per-jurisdiction basis but typically include driver's licenses, state-funded higher education benefits, and state government jobs.<ref name="states">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sss.gov/Registration/State-Commonwealth-Legislation|title=State / Commonwealth and Territory Legislation}}</ref> Alaska also requires registration to receive an [[Alaska Permanent Fund]] dividend.<ref name="states"/> Eleven states (California, Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Washington, and Wyoming) have no such requirements, though Indiana and Washington do give men 18–25 the option of registering with Selective Service when obtaining a driver's license or an identification card.<ref name="states"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=WA State Licensing (DOL) Official Site: Driver guide |url=https://www.dol.wa.gov/driverslicense/guide.html |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=www.dol.wa.gov |language=en}}</ref> The [[Department of motor vehicles|Department of Motor Vehicles]] of 27 states and 2 territories automatically register young men 18–25 with the Selective Service whenever they apply for driver licenses, learner permits, or non-driver identification cards.<ref name="states"/><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dmv.ny.gov/forms.htm#mv44 |title = Applications for Driver License or Non-Driver ID Card |publisher = New York State Department of Motor Vehicles }}</ref>
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If the agency were to mobilize and conduct a draft, a lottery would be held in full view of the public. First, all days of the year are placed into a capsule at random. Second, the numbers 1–365 (1–366 for lotteries held with respect to a [[leap year]]) are placed into a second capsule. These two capsules are certified for procedure, sealed in a drum, and stored.
In the event of a draft, the drums are taken out of storage and inspected to make sure they have not been tampered with. The lottery then takes place, and each date is paired with a number at random. For example, if
Should all dates be used, the Selective Service will first conscript men at the age of 20, then 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 19, and 18. Once all dates are paired, the dates will be sent to Selective Service System's Data Management Center.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.sss.gov/About/History-And-Records/Selective-Service-Lottery |title = Selective Service System: Selective Service Lottery |publisher = Sss.gov |access-date = 27 April 2017 }}</ref>
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!Appointed by
|-
|1.||[[File:Dykstra-National-Defense-Mediation-Board.jpg|100x100px]]||[[Clarence Addison Dykstra]]||
|-
|2.||[[File:Portrait of LTG Lewis B. Hershey.jpg|100px]]||[[Lewis Blaine Hershey]]||
|-
| -||[[File:No image.svg|100px]]||[[Dee Ingold]]||
|-
|3.||[[File:Curtis Tarr.jpg|100px]]||[[Curtis W. Tarr]]||
|-
| -||[[File:No image.svg|100px]]||[[Byron V. Pepitone]]||
|-
|4.||[[File:Byron V. Pepitone.jpg|100px]]||Byron V. Pepitone||
|-
| -||[[File:No image.svg|100px]]||[[Robert E. Shuck]]||
|-
|5.||[[File:Bernard Rostker.jpg|100px]]||[[Bernard D. Rostker]]||
|-
| -||[[File:No image.svg|100px]]||[[James G. Bond]]||
|-
|6.||[[File:Thomas K. Turnage (2).jpg|100px]]||[[Thomas K. Turnage]]||
|-
| -||[[File:No image.svg|100px]]||[[Wilfred L. Ebel]]||
|-
| -||[[File:No image.svg|100px]]||[[Jerry D. Jennings]]||
|-
|7.||[[File:Samuel K. Lessey.jpg|100px]]||[[Samuel K. Lessey Jr.]]||
|-
|8.||[[File:Robert W. Gambino.jpg|100px]]||[[Robert W. Gambino]]||
|-
| -||[[File:No image.svg|100px]]||[[G. Huntington Banister]]||
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|9.||[[File:Gil Coronado.jpg|100px]]||[[Gil Coronado]]||
|-
|10.||[[File:Selective Service System Director Alfred Rascon.GIF|100px]]||[[Alfred V. Rascon]]||
|-
| -||[[File:No image.svg|100px]]||[[Lewis C. Brodsky]]||
|-
| -||[[File:No image.svg|100px]]||Jack Martin||
|-
|11.||[[File:William Chatfield.jpg|100px]]||[[William A. Chatfield]] ||
|-
| -||[[File:No image.svg|100px]]||[[Ernest E. Garcia]]||
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|12.||[[File:LawrenceRomo SSS.jpg|100px]]||[[Lawrence Romo]] ||
|-
| -||[[File:Adam J. Copp.jpg|100px]]||[[Adam J. Copp]]||
|-
|13.||[[File:Don Benton official photo.jpg|100px]]||[[Don Benton|Donald M. Benton]] ||
|-
| -||[[File:No image.svg|100px]]||[[Craig T. Brown]]||
|-
| -||[[File:Director-Spangenberg-Headshot-250x312.jpg|100px]]||[[Joel C. Spangenberg]]||
|}
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