In terms of citation and authorship position, genderGender differencesinequality favoring men can be found in many disciplines, such asincluding political science, economics and neurology, and critical care research.<ref name=":18" /> For instance, in critical care research, 30.8% of the 18,483 research articles published between 2008 and 2018 were led by female authors and were more likely to be published in lower-impact journals than those led by male authors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vranas |first1=Kelly C. |last2=Ouyang |first2=David |last3=Lin |first3=Amber L. |last4=Slatore |first4=Christopher G. |last5=Sullivan |first5=Donald R. |last6=Kerlin |first6=Meeta Prasad |last7=Liu |first7=Kathleen D. |last8=Baron |first8=Rebecca M. |last9=Calfee |first9=Carolyn S. |last10=Ware |first10=Lorraine B. |last11=Halpern |first11=Scott D. |last12=Matthay |first12=Michael A. |last13=Herridge |first13=Margaret S. |last14=Mehta |first14=Sangeeta |last15=Rogers |first15=Angela J. |date=2020-04-01 |title=Gender Differences in Authorship of Critical Care Literature |journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |volume=201 |issue=7 |pages=840–847 |doi=10.1164/rccm.201910-1957OC |issn=1073-449X |pmc=7124723 |pmid=31968182}}</ref> SuchOpen disparityaccess canpublishing adverselymay affectimprove the scientific careervisibility of womenfemale andresearches underrateboth their scientific impacts for promotionin and funding.outside Openof accessacademia, (OA)but publishingwithout candeliberate besupport a tool to helpof female researchers increase their publications' visibility, measureopen impact,access andpublishing helpmay closeexacerbate thegender genderedinequality.<ref citationname=":18">{{cite gap.journal OA|author1=Gemma publishingDerrick is|author2= aAlesia well-advocatedAnn practiceZuccala forproviding|author3= betterGeorgiana accessibilityTurculet to|title=Open knowledgeAccess (especiallyPublishing forProbabilities researchersBased inon low-Gender and middle-incomeAuthorship countries)Structures asin wellVietnam as|date=5 increasingOctober transparency2021 along with the publishing|volume=9 procedure [21,22]|doi=10.3390/publications9040045 |journal=Publications'|issue= visibility4 can|page= be enhanced through OA publishing45 due to its high accessibility by removing paywalls compared to non|doi-OAaccess= publishing.free }}</ref>▼
Gender inequality still exists in the modern system of scientific publishing.
▲In terms of citation and authorship position, gender differences favoring men can be found in many disciplines such as political science, economics and neurology, and critical care research. For instance, in critical care research, 30.8% of the 18,483 research articles published between 2008 and 2018 were led by female authors and were more likely to be published in lower-impact journals than those led by male authors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vranas |first1=Kelly C. |last2=Ouyang |first2=David |last3=Lin |first3=Amber L. |last4=Slatore |first4=Christopher G. |last5=Sullivan |first5=Donald R. |last6=Kerlin |first6=Meeta Prasad |last7=Liu |first7=Kathleen D. |last8=Baron |first8=Rebecca M. |last9=Calfee |first9=Carolyn S. |last10=Ware |first10=Lorraine B. |last11=Halpern |first11=Scott D. |last12=Matthay |first12=Michael A. |last13=Herridge |first13=Margaret S. |last14=Mehta |first14=Sangeeta |last15=Rogers |first15=Angela J. |date=2020-04-01 |title=Gender Differences in Authorship of Critical Care Literature |journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |volume=201 |issue=7 |pages=840–847 |doi=10.1164/rccm.201910-1957OC |issn=1073-449X |pmc=7124723 |pmid=31968182}}</ref> Such disparity can adversely affect the scientific career of women and underrate their scientific impacts for promotion and funding. Open access (OA) publishing can be a tool to help female researchers increase their publications' visibility, measure impact, and help close the gendered citation gap. OA publishing is a well-advocated practice for providing better accessibility to knowledge (especially for researchers in low- and middle-income countries) as well as increasing transparency along with the publishing procedure [21,22]. Publications' visibility can be enhanced through OA publishing due to its high accessibility by removing paywalls compared to non-OA publishing.
Additionally, because of this high visibility, authors can receive more recognition for their works.
OA publishing is also suggested to be advantageous in terms of citation number compared to non-OA publishing, but this aspect is still controversial within the scientific community. The association between OA and a higher number of citations may be because higher-quality articles are self-selected for publication as OA. Considering the gender-based issues in academia and the efforts to improve gender equality, OA can be an important factor when female researchers choose a place to publish their articles. With a proper supporting system and funding, OA publishing is shown to have increased female researchers' productivity.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gemma Derrick |author2= Alesia Ann Zuccala |author3= Georgiana Turculet |title=Open Access Publishing Probabilities Based on Gender and Authorship Structures in Vietnam |date=5 October 2021 |volume=9 |doi=10.3390/publications9040045 |journal=Publications|issue= 4 |page= 45 |doi-access= free }}</ref>
