Ensemble coding: Difference between revisions

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Throughout its history, ensemble coding been known by many names. Interest in the theory began to emerge in the early 20th century.<ref name="Wolfe_2011" /> In its earliest years, ensemble coding was known as [[Gestalt grouping rules|Gestalt grouping]].<ref name="Wolfe_2011" /> In 1923, Max Wertheimer, a [[Gestalt psychology]] theorist, was addressing how humans perceive their visual world holistically rather than individually.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wertheimer M | title = Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt. II. | trans-title = Investigations into the teaching of the form | language = German | journal = Psychological Research | date = January 1923 | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 301–50 | doi = 10.1007/BF00410640 | s2cid = 143510308 }}</ref> Gestaltists argued that in object perception, the individual object features were either lost or difficult to perceive and therefore the grouped object was the favored percept.<ref>Koffka, K. (1935). The Principles of Gestalt Psychology. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.</ref> Although Gestaltists helped define some of the central principles of object perception, research into modern ensemble coding did not occur until many years later.{{cn|date=December 2019}}

In 1971, [[Norman H. Anderson (psychologist)|Norman Anderson]] was one of the earliest to conduct explicit ensemble coding research.<ref name="Haberman_2012" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Norman H.|date=1971|title=Integration theory and attitude change.|journal=Psychological Review|language=en|volume=78|issue=3|pages=171–206|doi=10.1037/h0030834|issn=0033-295X}}</ref> Anderson's research into social ensemble coding showed that individuals described by two positive terms were rated more favorably than individuals described by two positive terms and two negative terms.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Norman H.|date=1965|title=Averaging versus adding as a stimulus-combination rule in impression formation.|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology|language=en|volume=70|issue=4|pages=394–400|doi=10.1037/h0022280|pmid=5826027|issn=0022-1015}}</ref> This research on [[impression formation]] demonstrated that a weighted mean or average captures how information is integrated rather than the summation.<ref name=":0" /> Additional research during this time explored ensemble coding in group attractiveness,<ref>Anderson, N. H., Lindner, R., & Lopes, L. L. (1973). Integration Theory Applied to Judgments of Group Attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26(3), 400-408.</ref> shopping preferences,<ref>Levin, I. P. (1974). Averaging Processes in Ratings and Choices Based on Numerical Information. Memory & Cognition, 2(4), 786-790.</ref> and the perceived badness of criminals.<ref>Leon, M., Oden, G. C., & Anderson, N. H. (1973). Functional Measurement of Social Values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27(3), 301-310.</ref>

== The current era ==