Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:44, 21 January 2025

Revision as of 17:53, 21 January 2025

Line 29:

==== Effectiveness ====

A [[Cochrane (organisation)|Cochrane]] systematic review comparing EMDR with other psychotherapies in the treatment of chronic PTSD found EMDR to be just as effective as TF-CBT and more effective than the other non-TF-CBT psychotherapies.<ref name="Bisson2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bisson JI, Roberts NP, Andrew M, Cooper R, Lewis C | title = Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2013 | issue = 12 | page = CD003388 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24338345 | pmc = 6991463 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4 }}</ref><ref name="Watt2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Watts BV, Schnurr PP, Mayo L, Young-Xu Y, Weeks WB, Friedman MJ | title = Meta-analysis of the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder | journal = The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 74 | issue = 6 | pages = e541–e550 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23842024 | doi = 10.4088/JCP.12r08225 | s2cid = 23087402 }}</ref> Caution was urged interpreting the results due to low numbers in included studies, risk of [[Experimenter's bias|researcher bias]], high drop-out rates, and overall "very low" quality of evidence for the comparisons with other psychotherapies.<ref name="Bisson2013" /> A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found that the effect size of EMDR for PTSD is comparable to other evidence-based treatments, but that the strength of evidence was of a low quality,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cusack K, Jonas DE, Forneris CA, Wines C, Sonis J, Middleton JC, Feltner C, Brownley KA, Olmsted KR, Greenblatt A, Weil A, Gaynes BN | display-authors = 6 | title = Psychological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 43 | pages = 128–141 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26574151 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.10.003 | doi-access = free }}</ref> indicating that the effect sizes achieved are associated with substantial uncertainty. A 2018 systematic review found moderate strength of evidence supporting the effectiveness of EMDR in reducing symptoms of PTSD and depression, as well as increasing the likelihood of patients losing their PTSD diagnosis.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/ptsd-adult-treatment-update/research-2018 |title=Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review Update |last1=Forman-Hoffman |first1=Valerie |last2=Cook Middleton |first2=Jennifer |date=2018-05-17 |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) |doi=10.23970/ahrqepccer207 |last3=Feltner |first3=Cynthia |last4=Gaynes |first4=Bradley N. |last5=Palmieri Weber |first5=Rachel |last6=Bann |first6=Carla |last7=Viswanathan |first7=Meera |last8=Lohr |first8=Kathleen N. |last9=Baker |first9=Claire}}</ref>

Randomised control trials have indicated comparable results between EMDR treatment and either CBT or eclectic psychotherapy in treating persons with PTSD and OCD. <ref>Marsden, Z., Lovell, K., Blore, D., Ali, S., & Delgadillo, J. (2018). A randomized controlled trial comparing EMDR and CBT for obsessive–compulsive disorder. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 25(1), e10-e18.</ref><ref>Nijdam, M. J., Gersons, B. P. R., Reitsma, J. B., de Jongh, A., & Olff, M. (2012). Brief eclectic psychotherapy v. eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(3), 224–231. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.099234</ref>

Many randomized trials of EMDR have been criticized for poor control groups,<ref name ="SBM"/> small sample sizes,<ref name="SAB_Psychotherapy">{{cite journal |title=Expert opinion on the scientific recognition of the EMDR method (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder |journal=German Medical Association Scientific Advisory Board for Psychotherapy |date=September 2006 |volume=37 |issue=103 |url=https://www.wbpsychotherapie.de/fileadmin/user_upload/_old-files/downloads/pdf-Ordner/WBP/EMDR_Dtsch_Arztebl.pdf |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref><ref name = "Cuijpers 2020"/> and other methodological flaws.<ref name = "Cuijpers 2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cuijpers P, Veen SC, Sijbrandij M, Yoder W, Cristea IA | title = Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for mental health problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Cognitive Behaviour Therapy | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 165–180 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32043428 | doi = 10.1080/16506073.2019.1703801 | doi-access = free | hdl = 11577/3461344 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref name=Bisson2013/><ref name="KaptanDursunKnowles2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaptan SK, Dursun BO, Knowles M, Husain N, Varese F | title = Group eye movement desensitization and reprocessing interventions in adults and children: A systematic review of randomized and nonrandomized trials | journal = Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 784–806 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 33415797 | doi = 10.1002/cpp.2549 | s2cid = 231194631 | eissn = 1099-0879 | doi-access = free }}</ref> It has been called a [[purple hat therapy]] because any effectiveness is provided by the underlying therapy (or the standard treatment), not from EMDR's distinctive features.<ref name="SciAm_2012">{{cite news | vauthors = Arkowitz H, Lilienfeld SO |title=EMDR: Taking a Closer Look |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/emdr-taking-a-closer-look/ |access-date=21 March 2023 |work=Scientific American |date=1 August 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Exposure Treatments for Anxiety Disorders: A Practitioner's Guide to Concepts, Methods, and Evidence-Based Practice |vauthors=Rosquist |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136915772 |page=94}}</ref>