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A piece of evidence supporting cosmic string theory is a phenomenon noticed in observations of the "double [[quasar]]" called [[Twin Quasar|Q0957+561A,B]]. Originally discovered by [[Dennis Walsh]], Bob Carswell, and [[Ray Weymann]] in 1979, the double image of this quasar is caused by a galaxy positioned between it and the Earth. The [[gravitational lens]] effect of this intermediate galaxy bends the quasar's light so that it follows two paths of different lengths to Earth. The result is that we see two images of the same quasar, one arriving a short time after the other (about 417.1 days later). However, a team of astronomers at the [[Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics]] led by [[Rudolph Schild]] studied the quasar and found that during the period between September 1994 and July 1995 the two images appeared to have no time delay; changes in the brightness of the two images occurred simultaneously on four separate occasions. Schild and his team believe that the only explanation for this observation is that a cosmic string passed between the Earth and the quasar during that time period traveling at very high speed and oscillating with a period of about 100 days.<ref>{{cite journal |arxiv=astro-ph/0406434 |bibcode=2004A&A...422..477S|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20040274 |title=Anomalous fluctuations in observations of Q0957+561 A,B: Smoking gun of a cosmic string? |year=2004 |last1=Schild |first1=R. |last2=Masnyak |first2=I. S. |last3=Hnatyk |first3=B. I. |last4=Zhdanov |first4=V. I. |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=422 |issue=2 |pages=477–482|s2cid=16939392}}</ref>
Until 2023 the most sensitive bounds on cosmic string parameters came from the non-detection of gravitational waves by [[pulsar timing array]] data.<ref>{{Cite journal|arxiv=1508.03024 |title=The NANOGrav Nine-year Data Set: Limits on the Isotropic Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=821 |issue=1 |pages=13 |year=2015|last1=Arzoumanian |first1=Zaven |last2=Brazier |first2=Adam |last3=Burke-Spolaor |first3=Sarah |last4=Chamberlin |first4=Sydney |last5=Chatterjee |first5=Shami |last6=Christy |first6=Brian |last7=Cordes |first7=Jim |last8=Cornish |first8=Neil |last9=Demorest |first9=Paul |last10=Deng |first10=Xihao |last11=Dolch |first11=Tim |last12=Ellis |first12=Justin |last13=Ferdman |first13=Rob |last14=Fonseca |first14=Emmanuel |last15=Garver-Daniels |first15=Nate |last16=Jenet |first16=Fredrick |last17=Jones |first17=Glenn |last18=Kaspi |first18=Vicky |last19=Koop |first19=Michael |last20=Lam |first20=Michael |last21=Lazio |first21=Joseph |last22=Levin |first22=Lina |last23=Lommen |first23=Andrea |last24=Lorimer |first24=Duncan |last25=Luo |first25=Jin |last26=Lynch |first26=Ryan |last27=Madison |first27=Dustin |last28=McLaughlin |first28=Maura |last29=McWilliams |first29=Sean |last30=Mingarelli |first30=Chiara |display-authors=29 |doi=10.3847/0004-637X/821/1/13 |bibcode = 2016ApJ...821...13A |s2cid=34191834 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The first detection of gravitational waves with pulsar timing array was confirmed in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shelton |first=Jim |date=2023-06-28 |title=Astrophysicists present first evidence of gravitational wave ‘background’ {{!}} Yale News |url=https://news.yale.edu/2023/06/28/astrophysicists-present-first-evidence-gravitational-wave-background
==String theory and cosmic strings==
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