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Line 21: ===Strong force phase transition=== ~~Today the~~The strong force binds together [[quarks]] into [[protons]] and [[neutrons]], in a phenomenon known as [[color confinement]]. However, at sufficiently high temperatures, protons and neutrons disassociate into free quarks. The strong force phase transition marks the end of the [[quark epoch]]. Studies of this transition based on [[lattice QCD]] have demonstrated that it would have taken place at a temperature of approximately 155 [[MeV]], and would have been a smooth crossover transition.<ref name="aoki-qcd">{{cite journal \|last1=Aoki \|first1=Y. \|last2=Endrodi \|first2=G. \|last3=Fodor \|first3=Z. \|last4=Katz \|first4=S. D. \|last5=Szabo \|first5=K. K. \|title=The order of the quantum chromodynamics transition predicted by the standard model of particle physics \|journal=Nature \|date=2006 \|volume=443 \|issue=7112 \|pages=675–678 \|doi=10.1038/nature05120\|pmid=17035999 \|arxiv=hep-lat/0611014 \|bibcode=2006Natur.443..675A \|s2cid=261693972 }}</ref> This conclusion assumes the simplest scenario at the time of the transition, and first- or second-order transitions are possible in the presence of a quark, baryon or neutrino [[chemical potential]], or strong magnetic fields.<ref name="Boeckel2011">{{cite journal \|last1=Boeckel \|first1=Tillman \|last2=Schettler \|first2=Simon \|last3=Schaffner-Bielich \|first3=Jurgen \|title=The Cosmological QCD Phase Transition Revisited \|journal=Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. \|date=2011 \|volume=66 \|issue=2 \|pages=266–270 \|doi=10.1016/j.ppnp.2011.01.017\|arxiv=1012.3342\|bibcode=2011PrPNP..66..266B \|s2cid=118745752 }}</ref><ref name="Schwarz2009">{{cite journal \|last1=Schwarz \|first1=Dominik J. \|last2=Stuke \|first2=Maik \|title=Lepton asymmetry and the cosmic QCD transition \|journal=JCAP \|date=2009 \|volume=2009 \|issue=11 \|pages=025 \|doi=10.1088/1475-7516/2009/11/025\|arxiv=0906.3434\|bibcode=2009JCAP...11..025S \|s2cid=250761613 }}</ref><ref name="Cao2023">{{cite journal \|last1=Cao \|first1=Gaoging \|title=First-order QCD transition in a primordial magnetic field \|journal=Phys. Rev. D \|date=2023 \|volume=107 \|issue=1 \|pages=014021 \|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.107.014021\|arxiv=2210.09794

Cosmological phase transition: Difference between revisions